Gabatarwa zuwa Fasahar Masana'antu Rare Duniya
·Rare duniya is ba wani ƙarfe kashi, amma gama kai lokaci ga 15 rare duniya abubuwa dayttriumkumascandium.Saboda haka, 17 rare duniya abubuwa da daban-daban mahadi suna da daban-daban amfani, jere daga chlorides da tsarki na 46% zuwa guda rare earth oxides da kuma.ƙarancin ƙasa karafatare da tsaftar 99.9999%.Tare da ƙari na mahadi masu alaƙa da gaurayawan, akwai samfuran ƙasa marasa ƙima.Don haka,kasa kasafasahar kuma ta bambanta bisa bambance-bambancen waɗannan abubuwa 17.Duk da haka, saboda gaskiyar cewa rare duniya abubuwa za a iya raba zuwa cerium dayttriumƘungiyoyin da suka dogara da halayen ma'adinai, hakar ma'adinai, narkewa, da tsarin rabuwa na ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba suma suna da haɗin kai.Tun daga farkon haƙar ma'adinan tama, za a gabatar da hanyoyin rarrabuwa, hanyoyin narkewa, hanyoyin cirewa, da tsarin tsarkakewa na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba daya bayan ɗaya.
Ma'adinai sarrafa na rare earths
·Ma’adinan sarrafa ma’adinai wani tsari ne na sarrafa ma’adanin da ke amfani da bambance-bambancen abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da sinadarai tsakanin ma’adanai daban-daban da suka hada da ma’adinai, yin amfani da hanyoyin samun fa’ida daban-daban, da tsari, da kayan aiki don wadatar da ma’adanai masu amfani a cikin ma’adanin, da kawar da datti mai cutarwa, da raba su. daga gangue ma'adanai.
· A cikinkasa kasaOres hakar ma'adinai a duniya, abun ciki narare duniya oxideskashi kaɗan ne kawai, wasu ma ma ƙasa da ƙasa.Domin biyan buƙatun samarwa na smelting.kasa kasaAna raba ma'adanai daga ma'adinan gangue da sauran ma'adanai masu amfani ta hanyar amfana kafin narkewa, don ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa mai wuyar gaske da samun abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba wanda zai iya biyan bukatun ƙarancin ƙarfe na ƙasa.Amfanin ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar hanyar flotation, galibi ana samun su ta haɗuwa da yawa na nauyi da rarrabuwar maganadisu don samar da tsarin aiwatar da fa'ida.
Thekasa kasaajiya a cikin Ma'adinan Baiyunebo a cikin Mongolia na ciki shine nau'in dutsen carbonate na dolomite na ƙarfe, wanda akasari ya ƙunshi ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin taman ƙarfe (ban da fluorocarbon cerium ore da monazite, akwai kuma da yawa.niobiumkumakasa kasama'adanai).
Tamar da aka fitar ta ƙunshi kusan kashi 30% na baƙin ƙarfe da kusan kashi 5% na ƙasa oxides.Bayan murkushe babban tama a cikin ma'adinan, ana jigilar ta ta jirgin ƙasa zuwa masana'antar fa'ida ta Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Aikin shukar amfanin shine haɓakaFe2O3daga 33% zuwa sama da 55%, da farko nika da grading a kan conical ball niƙa, sa'an nan kuma zabar wani firamare baƙin ƙarfe maida hankali na 62-65% Fe2O3 (baƙin ƙarfe oxide) ta amfani da silindrical Magnetic SEPARATOR.Wutsiyoyi suna ci gaba da yin iyo da rarrabuwar maganadisu don samun ma'aunin ƙarfe na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 45%Fe2O3(iron oxide).Rare ƙasa tana wadatar da kumfa mai iyo, tare da digiri na 10-15%.Za'a iya zaɓar abin da aka tattara ta amfani da tebur mai girgiza don samar da madaidaicin maida hankali tare da abun ciki na REO na 30%.Bayan an sake sarrafa shi ta kayan aikin amfana, za'a iya samun mafi ƙarancin maida hankali ƙasa tare da abun ciki na REO sama da 60%.
Hanyar rugujewar ƙasa mai ƙarancin hankali
·Rare ƙasaAbubuwan da ke cikin tattarawa gabaɗaya suna kasancewa a cikin nau'ikan carbonates maras narkewa, fluorides, phosphates, oxides, ko silicates.Abubuwan da ba kasafai ba dole ne a canza su zuwa mahadi masu narkewa a cikin ruwa ko inorganic acid ta hanyar sauye-sauyen sinadarai daban-daban, sannan a aiwatar da matakai kamar narke, rabuwa, tsarkakewa, maida hankali, ko calcination don samar da gauraye daban-daban.kasa kasamahadi kamar gauraye da kasa chlorides, wanda za a iya amfani da su azaman samfuri ko albarkatun kasa don raba guda rare duniya abubuwa.Ana kiran wannan tsarikasa kasamaida hankali bazuwar, wanda kuma aka sani da pre-jiyya.
·Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don bazuwarkasa kasamai da hankali, wanda gabaɗaya za a iya kasu kashi uku: Hanyar acid, hanyar alkali, da bazuwar chlorination.Za'a iya ƙara ɓarna acid zuwa ɓoyayyen acid hydrochloric, ruɓar acid sulfuric, da rushewar acid hydrofluoric.Za'a iya ƙara bazuwar Alkali zuwa bazuwar sodium hydroxide, narkewar sodium hydroxide, ko hanyoyin gasasshen soda.Gabaɗaya ana zaɓe kwararar tsarin da ya dace bisa ƙa'idodin nau'in mai da hankali, halayen sa, tsarin samfur, dacewa don farfadowa da cikakken amfani da abubuwan da ba na ƙasa ba, fa'ida don tsabtace aiki da kariyar muhalli, da ma'anar tattalin arziki.
Ko da yake an gano ma'adanai kusan 200 da ba kasafai ba da kuma tarwatsa su, ba a wadatar da su zuwa ma'adanan ma'adinai masu zaman kansu tare da hakar ma'adinai na masana'antu saboda ƙarancinsu.Ya zuwa yanzu, ba kasafai masu zaman kansu baJamus, selenium, kumatelluriuman gano adibas, amma ma'aunin ajiyar bai yi yawa ba.
Narkewar kasa da ba kasafai ba
· Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu donkasa kasasmelting, hydrometallurgy da pyrometallurgy.
Dukan tsari na ƙarancin ƙasa hydrometallurgy da ƙarfe sinadarai na ƙarfe galibi suna cikin bayani da sauran ƙarfi, kamar bazuwar ƙarancin ƙasa mai daɗaɗawa, rabuwa da hakarrare duniya oxides, mahadi, da kuma guda rare duniya karafa, wanda amfani da sinadaran rabuwa tafiyar matakai kamar hazo, crystallization, hadawan abu da iskar shaka-rage, sauran ƙarfi hakar, da kuma ion musayar.Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce hakar sauran ƙarfi, wanda shine tsari na duniya don rarrabuwar masana'antu na manyan abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya.Tsarin hydrometallurgy yana da rikitarwa kuma samfurin yana da girma.Wannan hanya tana da aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin samar da ƙãre kayayyakin.
Tsarin pyrometallurgical yana da sauƙi kuma yana da babban yawan aiki.Rare ƙasapyrometallurgy yafi hada da samar darare duniya gamita hanyar rage silicothermic, samar da karafa na duniya da ba kasafai ba ko gami ta hanyar narkakken gishirin lantarki, da samar darare duniya gamita hanyar rage zafi na karfe da dai sauransu.
Halayen gama gari na pyrometallurgy shine samarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai girma.
Rare ƙasa samar da tsari
·Rare ƙasacarbonate darare duniya chloridesune manyan samfuran farko guda biyu a cikinkasa kasamasana'antu.Gabaɗaya magana, a halin yanzu akwai manyan matakai guda biyu don samar da waɗannan samfuran biyu.Ɗaya daga cikin tsari shine tsarin gasasshen sulfuric acid, ɗayan kuma ana kiransa tsarin soda caustic, wanda aka rage a matsayin tsarin soda.
Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa a cikin ma'adinan ƙasa daban-daban, wani muhimmin sashi naabubuwan da ba kasafai baa cikin yanayi tare da apatite da phosphate ma'adanai.Jimillar ma'adinan ma'adinan phosphate na duniya kusan tan biliyan 100 ne, tare da matsakaitakasa kasaabun ciki na 0.5 ‰.An kiyasta cewa jimlar adadinkasa kasahade da phosphate tama a duniya ne 50 ton miliyan.A mayar da martani ga halaye na lowkasa kasaabun ciki da matsayi na musamman a cikin ma'adinai, an yi nazarin matakai daban-daban na farfadowa a gida da kuma na duniya, wanda za'a iya raba zuwa rigar da hanyoyin zafi.A cikin hanyoyin rigar, ana iya raba su zuwa hanyar nitric acid, hanyar hydrochloric acid, da hanyar sulfuric acid bisa ga nau'ikan lalatawar acid daban-daban.Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don dawo da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba daga hanyoyin sinadarai na phosphorus, waɗanda dukkansu suna da alaƙa da hanyoyin sarrafa ma'adinan phosphate.A lokacin aikin samar da thermal, dakasa kasaYawan dawowa zai iya kaiwa 60%.
Tare da ci gaba da yin amfani da albarkatun dutsen phosphate da kuma motsawa zuwa ga ci gaban ƙananan ƙarancin phosphate dutsen, tsarin sulfuric acid rigar tsari na phosphoric acid ya zama hanyar da ta dace a masana'antar sinadarai na phosphate, da kuma dawo daabubuwan da ba kasafai baa cikin sulfuric acid rigar tsari phosphoric acid ya zama wurin bincike.A cikin tsarin samar da sinadarin sulfuric acid rigar tsari na phosphoric acid, tsarin sarrafa wadatar da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin phosphoric acid sannan kuma amfani da hakar sauran ƙarfi don cire ƙasa mai wuya yana da fa'ida fiye da hanyoyin haɓakawa da wuri.
Rare ƙasa hakar tsari
Sulfuric acid solubility
Ceriumrukuni (wanda ba a iya narkewa a cikin hadadden salts sulfate) -lantanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, da kuma promethium;
Terbiumrukuni (dan kadan mai narkewa a cikin hadadden salts sulfate) -samari, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, kumaholmium;
Yttriumrukuni (mai narkewa a cikin hadadden salts sulfate) -yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,Lutium, kumascandium.
Rabuwar hakar
Haskekasa kasa(P204 raunin acidity hakar) -lantanum,cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, da kuma promethium;
Ƙasar da ba kasafai ba (P204 low acidity hakar)samari,europium,gadolinium,terbium,dysprosium;
Gabatarwa zuwa Tsari Tsari
Ana cikin shirin rabuwaabubuwan da ba kasafai ba,saboda kamanceceniya ta zahiri da sinadarai na abubuwa 17, da kuma yawan dattin da ke tattare da shi a cikinabubuwan da ba kasafai ba, tsarin hakar yana da ɗan rikitarwa kuma yawanci ana amfani dashi.
Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin cirewa iri uku: Hanyar mataki-mataki, musayar ion, da hakar sauran ƙarfi.
Hanyar mataki-mataki
Hanyar rabuwa da tsarkakewa ta amfani da bambanci a cikin solubility na mahadi a cikin kaushi ana kiransa hanyar mataki-mataki.Dagayttrium(Y) kuLutium(Lu), rabuwa guda ɗaya tsakanin duk abin da ke faruwa na halittaabubuwan da ba kasafai ba, ciki har da radium da ma'auratan Curie suka gano,
An raba su duka ta amfani da wannan hanya.Tsarin aiki na wannan hanyar yana da ɗan rikitarwa, kuma rabuwa guda ɗaya na duk abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya ya ɗauki sama da shekaru 100, tare da rabuwa ɗaya da maimaita aiki ya kai sau 20000.Ga ma'aikatan kimiyya, aikin su
Ƙarfin yana da girma kuma tsarin yana da rikitarwa.Don haka, yin amfani da wannan hanya ba zai iya samar da ƙasa ɗaya da ba kasafai ba a cikin adadi mai yawa.
Canjin ion
Aikin bincike akan abubuwan da ba kasafai suke yin kasa ba ya samu cikas ta rashin iya samar da guda dayarare earth elementa cikin adadi mai yawa ta hanyar matakan mataki-mataki.Domin yin nazari akanabubuwan da ba kasafai bawanda ke kunshe a cikin kayayyakin fission na nukiliya da kuma cire abubuwan da ba kasafai suke cikin duniya ba daga uranium da thorium, an yi nasarar yin nazarin ion musayar chromatography (ion musayar chromatography), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rabuwa darare earth elements.Amfanin hanyar musayar ion shine cewa ana iya raba abubuwa da yawa a cikin aiki ɗaya.Kuma yana iya samun samfurori masu tsabta.Koyaya, rashin amfani shine ba za'a iya sarrafa shi gabaɗaya ba, tare da dogon zagaye na aiki da tsada mai tsada don sake farfadowa da musanya.Saboda haka, wannan da zarar babban hanyar raba manyan duniyoyi masu yawa an yi ritaya daga hanyar rabuwa ta al'ada kuma an maye gurbinsu da hanyar hakar sauran ƙarfi.Duk da haka, saboda fitattun halaye na ion musayar chromatography a samun high-tsarki guda rare duniya kayayyakin, a halin yanzu, domin samar da matsananci-high tsarki guda samfurori da kuma raba wasu nauyi rare duniya abubuwa, shi ma wajibi ne a yi amfani da ion musayar chromatography. don rabuwa da samar da samfurin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.
Hakar mai narkewa
Hanyar amfani da abubuwan kaushi na halitta don cirewa da raba abin da aka fitar daga wani maganin ruwa maras misaltuwa ana kiransa hakar ruwa-ruwa mai ƙarfi, wanda aka gajarta azaman hakar sauran ƙarfi.Yana da wani taro canja wurin tsari cewa canja wurin abubuwa daga wani ruwa lokaci zuwa wani.An yi amfani da hanyar cire sauran ƙarfi a baya a cikin petrochemical, Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical chemistry, da kuma nazarin sunadarai.To sai dai kuma, a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, sakamakon bunkasuwar kimiyya da fasaha ta makamashin nukiliya, gami da bukatuwar samar da sinadarai da ba a saba gani ba, hakar sauran abubuwa sun samu babban ci gaba a masana'antu irin su masana'antar mai na nukiliya da kuma karafa da ba kasafai ba. .Kasar Sin ta samu babban mataki na bincike kan ka'idar hakar, da hadawa da aikace-aikace na sabbin abubuwan hakowa, da tsarin hakar abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samun su ba.Idan aka kwatanta da rabuwa hanyoyin kamar graded hazo, graded crystallization, da kuma ion musayar, sauran ƙarfi hakar yana da jerin abũbuwan amfãni kamar mai kyau rabuwa sakamako, babban samar iya aiki, saukaka ga m da kuma ci gaba da samar, da kuma sauki cimma atomatik iko.Sabili da haka, a hankali ya zama babban hanya don raba adadi mai yawakasa kasas.
Rare duniya tsarkakewa
Samar da albarkatun kasa
Rare ƙasa karafagabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gauraye da ba kasafai karafa ba da kuma guda ɗayaƙarancin ƙasa karafa.A abun da ke ciki na gaurayeƙarancin ƙasa karafayana kama da ainihin asalin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin ma'adinan, kuma ƙarfe guda ɗaya shine ƙarfe wanda aka ware kuma wanda aka tace dashi daga kowace ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.Yana da wuya a ragerare duniya oxides (sai dai oxides nasamari,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) cikin ƙarfe guda ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin ƙarfe na gabaɗaya, saboda tsananin zafin samuwarsu da kwanciyar hankali.Saboda haka, da aka saba amfani da albarkatun kasa don samar daƙarancin ƙasa karafaA zamanin yau sune chlorides da fluorides.
Narkar da gishiri electrolysis
A taro samar da gaurayeƙarancin ƙasa karafaa masana'antu gabaɗaya suna amfani da narkakkar gishirin electrolysis hanyar.Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na electrolysis: chloride electrolysis da oxide electrolysis.Hanyar shiri na guda ɗayaƙarancin ƙasa karafaya bambanta dangane da kashi.samari,europium,thulium,ytterbiumba su dace da shirye-shiryen electrolytic ba saboda matsanancin tururi, kuma a maimakon haka an shirya su ta amfani da hanyar rage distillation.Ana iya shirya wasu abubuwa ta hanyar electrolysis ko hanyar rage zafi na ƙarfe.
Chloride electrolysis ita ce hanyar da ta fi dacewa don samar da karafa, musamman ga gaurayewar karafa da ba kasafai ba.Tsarin yana da sauƙi, mai tsada, kuma yana buƙatar saka hannun jari kaɗan.Duk da haka, babban koma baya shine sakin iskar chlorine, wanda ke gurbata muhalli.Oxide electrolysis baya sakin iskar gas mai cutarwa, amma farashin ya ɗan fi girma.Gabaɗaya, tsadar guda ɗayakasa rarekamarneodymiumkumapraseodymiumAna samar da su ta amfani da oxide electrolysis.
The injin rage electrolysis Hanyar iya kawai shirya general masana'antu saƙarancin ƙasa karafa.Don shiryaƙarancin ƙasa karafatare da ƙananan ƙazanta da tsafta mai girma, ana amfani da hanyar rage yawan zafin jiki gabaɗaya.Wannan hanya na iya samar da duk nau'ikan karafa na duniya da ba kasafai ba, ammasamari,europium,thulium,ytterbiumba za a iya samar da ta amfani da wannan hanya.The redox m nasamari,europium,thulium,ytterbiumkuma alli kawai yana raguwakasa kasafluoride.Gabaɗaya, shirye-shiryen waɗannan karafa sun dogara ne akan ka'idodin matsanancin tururi na waɗannan karafa da ƙarancin tururi.lanthanum karfes.A oxides na wadannan hudukasa raresuna gauraye da gutsuttsuralanthanum karfes kuma an matsa cikin tubalan, kuma an rage shi a cikin tanderun da ba a taɓa gani ba.Lanthanumya fi aiki, yayin dasamari,europium,thulium,ytterbiuman rage su zuwa zinariya dalantanumda kuma tattara a kan condensation, sa shi sauki rabu da slag.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-07-2023