Gabatarwa ga fasahar masana'antar ƙasa da ƙasa
·Rare Duniya Is ba wani ƙarfe ba ne, amma gama aiki na gama gari don abubuwan duniya na 15 dayttriumdatsirar da ruwa. Saboda haka, abubuwan duniya da ta ƙasa da abubuwan ciki daban-daban suna da amfani iri-iri, jere daga chlorides tare da tsarkin 46% zuwa ɗaya da kumaRashin karancin kasatare da tsarkakakken 99.9999%. Tare da Bugu da kari na mahadi masu dangantaka da gaurayawan, akwai ƙarancin samfuran ƙasa da yawa. Don haka,Rasa DuniyaFasaha ma bambance bambancen dangane da bambance-bambance na waɗannan abubuwan 17. Koyaya, saboda gaskiyar cewa za a iya raba abubuwan ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Cerium kumayttriumGroungiyoyi bisa halaye na ma'adinai, hakar ma'adinai, smelting, da tsarin rabuwa da ma'adanai na duniya suma sun haɗa. Farawa daga mining na farko na farko, hanyoyin rabuwa, smeting tafiyar matakai, hakar duniya za a gabatar da daya bayan daya.
Mulkin ma'adinai na duniya baki
Gudanar da sarrafawa shine tsarin aiki na inji wanda yake amfani da bambance-bambance a cikin ma'adanai na zahiri da ke yin abubuwan fa'idodi daban-daban, kuma ya raba su daga ma'adanai na Gangue.
· ARasa DuniyaOres mined a duniya, abun ciki naRarraba ƙasaKashi kaɗan ne na kashi, kuma wasu ma ƙarami. Domin biyan bukatun samarwa na smelting,Rasa DuniyaMa'adanai sun rabu da ma'adinai masu amfani da sauran ma'adinai ta amfanuwa kafin shafa a ciki kuma su sami damar da ke tattare da hakan zai iya biyan bukatun karar ƙasa. Fāɗin Ors na ƙasa da wuya Ors gabaɗaya ana amfani da hanyar flagation, sau da yawa ana amfani da nauyi ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawa na nauyi da kuma rarrabuwar kawunan maganganu don samar da tsari mai amfani.
DaRasa Duniyasaka hannu a cikin Baiyunea a cikin Inner Mongolia Rock StonetazibumdaRasa Duniyama'adinai).
ORE da aka fitar ya ƙunshi ƙarfe 30% da kusan 5% a cikin 5% a cikin ƙasa mai yawa a cikin nawa na baƙin ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe da kuma kamfanin rukuni. Aikin da shuka mai fa'ida ita ce karuwaFe2O3daga 33% zuwa sama da 55%, da farko nika da grading a kan wani injin conicalIron oxide) Yin amfani da silinda maganadia. Wutsiya na ci gaba da yin amfani da flotago da rabuwar maganadita don samun ƙarfe na sakandewa na sakandewa wanda yake ɗauke da 45%Fe2O3(oxide na ƙarfe). Rare Duniya da aka wadatar da shi a cikin kumfa na flotation, tare da sa na 10-15%. Za'a iya zaɓar mai da hankali ta amfani da tebur mai girgiza don samar da santsi mai kyau tare da reo abun ciki na 30%. Bayan an sake shi ta hanyar kayan aiki, mai wuya ƙasa in maida hankali tare da Reo abun ciki na sama da 60% za'a iya samu.
Hanyar lalata hanyar ƙasa da ƙasa mai da hankali
·Rasa DuniyaAbubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da juna a cikin nau'in carbonates na insoluBle carbonates, daskararre, phosphates, ko silesing. Dole ne a canza abubuwa na duniya zuwa cikin mahimman abubuwa a cikin ruwa ko inorganic acid ta hanyar rushewa, rabuwa, tsarkakewa, ko calcification don samar da daban-daban hadeRasa DuniyaHadarin da aka sauya kamar hade ƙasa masu haɗawa, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman samfurori ko kayan ƙasa don zaɓin abubuwa masu wuya. Ana kiran wannan tsariRasa DuniyaBa da hankali ba iyaka, kuma ana kiranta pre-magani.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don bazuwarRasa DuniyaDaukewa, wanda za'a iya raba gaba ɗaya cikin rukuni uku: Hanyar acid, hanyar Alkali, da kuma bazuwar lalata. Accid bazarar da bazuwar hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid bazuwar ruwa, da kuma rushe hydrofluoric acid. Za'a iya ƙara rarrabawa da alkalium zuwa bazuwar ƙwayar sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide yana narkewa, ko soda gasa ta hanyar soda gasa. Ana zabar kwarara da ya dace a cikin ka'idodin mai da hankali na zamani, tsarin samfur, amfani don murmurewa da kariya ta duniya, da kuma ka'idojin muhalli, da kari na tattalin arziƙi, da kuma ka'idojin aikin muhalli, da kari na tattalin arziƙi.
An gano wasu ma'adanan da suka shafi su, an gano ma'adanai da aka watsa, ba su wadatar da su cikin adon masana'antu ba saboda lalacewar masana'antu. Har zuwa yanzu, kawai mai 'yanciyar kabilar Tsibiri, selenium, dagayaAn gano adibas, amma sikelin adibas ba su da yawa.
Smelting na ƙasa mai wuya
Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu donRasa DuniyaSmelting, hydrometallgy da pyrometallurgy.
Dukan aiwatar da tsarin ƙasa mai wuya hydromgyallurggy da ƙarfe na ƙarfe galibi suna cikin mafita da kuma sauran ƙarfi, kamar bazuwar ƙasa mai mayar da hankali, rabuwa da hakarRarraba ƙasa, mahimmin, da kuma rare mai wuya ƙasa karafai, wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin rabuwa kamar hazo, ragi, ragi, ragi na oinsive, da musayar. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita mafi yawanci ana amfani da ita, wacce take haifar da tsari na duniya don abubuwa na masana'antu na abubuwa masu yawa. Tsarin hydrometallgy tsari yana da hadaddun kuma tsarkake samfurin tana da yawa. Wannan hanyar tana da aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin samar da samfuran gama.
Tsarin Pyrometallat mai sauki ne kuma yana da yawan aiki.Rasa Duniyapyrtretallgy yafi hada da samar daRare na ƙasaTa hanyar rage silicotheremus na silicomic, da samar da kasan karnukan duniya ko alluna ta hanyar hanyar ruwa mai gishiri, da kuma samar daRare na ƙasata hanyar m karfe hanyar rage ƙarfe da sauransu.
Halin gama gari na pyrtretallgy shine samarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zazzabi.
RANAR CIKIN SAUKI
·Rasa Duniyacarbonate daRare CRLALIDsu ne manyan samfuran farko biyu a cikinRasa Duniyamasana'antu. Gabaɗaya magana, a halin yanzu akwai manyan matakai biyu don samar da waɗannan samfuran guda biyu. Tsarin tsari shine mai da hankali sulfuric acid tsari tsari, kuma ana kiranta tsari na soda na caustic, a rufe shi azaman tsari na caustic.
Bugu da ƙari don kasancewa a cikin ma'adanai da yawa na ƙasa, babban yanki naAbubuwa na DuniyaA cikin yanayi mai kaifi tare da apatite da phosphate Rock ma'adanai. Jimlar ajiyar World Ore kusan tan biliyan 100, tare da matsakaitaRasa Duniyaabun ciki na 0.5 ‰. An kiyasta cewa jimlar adadinRasa Duniyahade da phosphate ore a cikin duniya talakawa ne miliyan 50 ne. A cikin martani ga halaye na mara iyakaRasa DuniyaAbun ciki da na musamman a cikin ma'adinai, an yi nazarin matakan dawo da abubuwa da yawa da na duniya da na duniya, wanda za'a iya kasu kashi biyu. A cikin hanyoyin rigar, ana iya raba su zuwa hanyar nitric acid, hanyar hydrochloric acid, da kuma hanyar acid bisa ga nau'ikan lalata daban-daban. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za a dawo da rare duniya daga phosphorus sunadarai, duk abin da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin sarrafawa na phosphate ore. A lokacin aiwatar da zafi, daRasa DuniyaFarawa Farashin zai iya kaiwa 60%.
Tare da ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun dutse na phosphate da motsi zuwa ga cigaban dutsen phosphate tsari a cikin masana'antar sinadarai na phosphate tsari a cikin masana'antar sinadarai, da kuma dawo daAbubuwa na DuniyaA cikin sulfuric acid rigar tsari Phosphoric acid ya zama mai bincike Hotspot. A cikin tsarin samarwa na sulfuric acid tsari tsari na phosphoric acid, aiwatar da sarrafa wadataccen acid din yana da ƙarin fa'ida fiye da hanyoyin da suka gabata.
Rarraukar aiki na ƙasa
Surfuric acid solubility
Ceriumrukuni (insoluble a cikin sulfate hadaddun gishiri) -Lanthanum, Cerium, furcidmium, Neodymium, da promethium;
TerbiumGroupara (dan kadan Soluwle a cikin silts hadaddun gishiri) -Samarus, kuɗin kuɗin shiga, gadolinium, terbium, dyspsprosum, daholl;
YttriumGroup (Solumble a cikin Tsarin Salladdate Hads) -yttrium, erbium, thurium, yearsbium,lannekin, datsirar da ruwa.
Rabuwa
HaskeRasa Duniya(P204 rauni mai rauni acidity) -Lanthanum,Cerium, furcidmium,Neodymium, da promethium;
Karshe na tsakiya (P204 Lowerancin acidity hakar acidity) -Samarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,gadolinium,terbium,dyspsprosum;
MRasa Duniyaabubuwa(hakar acidity a P204) -holl,
Gabatarwa zuwa tsarin hakar
A cikin aiwatar da rarrabuwaAbubuwa na Duniya,Saboda matuƙar makamantansu masu kama da abubuwan sunadarai na abubuwa 17, da kuma yawan masu ƙazanta a cikiAbubuwa na Duniya, tsarin hakar yana da matukar hadaddun da aka saba amfani dashi.
Akwai nau'ikan hakar guda uku: Hanyoyin mataki-mataki-mataki, musayar ion, da kuma haifar da hakar.
Mataki-mataki hanya
Hanyar rabuwa da tsarkakewa ta amfani da bambanci a cikin warwarewar mahadi a cikin hanyoyin da aka kira shi-mataki. Dagayttrium(Y) zuwalannekin(Lu), rabuwa guda rabuwa tsakanin dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiriAbubuwa na Duniya, gami da radium da aka gano daga ma'aurata,
Duk sun rabu ta amfani da wannan hanyar. Hanyar aiki ta wannan hanyar tana da matukar hadaddun, kuma guda rabuwa da abubuwan duniya da suka rage, tare da maimaita aiki zuwa sau 20000. Don ma'aikatan sunadarai, aikinsu
Arfin yana da girma kuma tsari yana da hadaddun. Saboda haka, ta amfani da wannan hanyar ba za ta iya samar da ƙasa mai wuya ba a cikin adadi mai yawa.
Musanya ion
Ayyukan bincike akan abubuwan da suka rasanta abubuwan duniya sun hana ta hanyar rashin iya haifar da gudaRare Duniyaa cikin adadi mai yawa ta hanyoyin mataki-mataki-mataki. Don bincikaAbubuwa na Duniyadauke da kayayyakin hada-hada nukiliya da kuma cire abubuwan duniya da yawa, musayar musayar cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata (ion musayar chromatography) ya sami nasara, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don rabuwa daRare Duniyas. Hanyar musayar ta ion ita ce cewa za a iya rabuwa da abubuwa da yawa a cikin aiki ɗaya. Kuma yana iya samun samfurori masu ƙarfi. Koyaya, rashin kyawun shi ne cewa ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba, tare da sake zagayowar aiki da tsada mai yawa don ci gaba da musayar. Sabili da haka, wannan ya sau ɗaya babbar hanyar raba ɗimbin ƙasa da yawa an yi ritaya daga hanyar rabuwa ta asali da maye gurbin hanyar hakar. Koyaya, saboda fitattun halaye na musayar cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata na duniya, a halin yanzu, don samar da musayar cututtukan cututtukan fata mai sauƙi.
Fitar da sako
Hanyar amfani da abubuwan haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin cuta don cire kuma rarrabe abu daga cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa mai guba, a taƙaice azaman hakar mai ruwa. Yana da tsari na canja wuri wanda ke canja wurin abubuwa daga ruwa guda zuwa wani. An yi amfani da hanyar hakar da ta fi yawa a cikin Petrochemical, Chemistryicistry, Chemistry na Chemistry, da kuma sunadarai sunadarai. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, saboda ci gaban fasaha makamashi makamashi na fasaha, da kuma buƙatar samar da abubuwa masu yawa a masana'antu kamar masana'antar makasudin Nuclear da kuma makamin nukiliya. Kasar Sin ta samu babban matakin bincike a ka'idar hakar, da kuma tsarin sabbin masu cirewa, da kuma aikin hakar duniya ya raba rabuwa. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin rabuwa kamar graded crysallibation, graded crystallization, da kuma musayar ƙarfi yana da ingantaccen tsari da ci gaba mai sauri, da kuma sauƙin samun kulawa ta atomatik, da kuma saukin samun iko ta atomatik, da kuma sauƙin samun iko ta atomatik. Saboda haka, da sannu a hankali ya zama babbar hanyar don raba adadi mai yawaRasa Duniyas.
Rarraban Tsarkakewa
Samar da albarkatun kasa
Rashin karancin kasaan raba gaba daya zuwa gauraye hade da ƙasaRashin karancin kasa. Abun da aka gaurayeRashin karancin kasaYayi kama da asalin abin da ba a yarda da ƙasa ba a cikin na ore, da ƙarfe ɗaya ƙarfe keɓaɓɓu ne kuma aka ƙasusuwa daga kowane ƙasashe masu yawa. Zai yi wuya a rageRare CREAS CRINE OXIDs (ban da kint na fari naSamarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,, thurium,yearsbium) A cikin ƙarfe guda ɗaya ta amfani da hanyoyin babban ƙarfe, saboda babban zafin jikinsu da babban kwanciyar hankali. Saboda haka, kayan amfanin gona da aka saba amfani da su don samar daRashin karancin kasaA zamanin yau sune chlorsies da kuma mikakke.
Molten gishiri electrollyis
Masarautar samar da gaurayeRashin karancin kasaA cikin masana'antu gabaɗaya yana amfani da hanyar contren gishiri na Molten. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na waƙoƙi: chloride wellralysis da oxide electrolysis. Hanyar shiri na gudaRashin karancin kasaya bambanta dangane da kashi.Samarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,,thurium,yearsbiumBa su dace da shiri na lantarki ba saboda matsanancin tursasawa, kuma a maimakon haka an shirya su ta amfani da rage distillation. Sauran abubuwan za'a iya shirya su ta hanyar wutan lantarki ko hanyar da ke da ƙarfe da ƙarfe.
Chloride wutan shine mafi yawan hanyar da aka fi dacewa don samar da ƙarfe, musamman don hadewar ƙarfe na ƙasa. Tsarin abu ne mai sauki, mai tsada, kuma yana buƙatar ɗaukar jari. Koyaya, babbar matsala ita ce sakin gas na chlorine, wanda ya mamaye muhalli. Oxide weltrolalysis ba ya sakin gas mai cutarwa, amma farashin ya ɗan ƙara ƙaruwa. Gabaɗaya, mai ɗaukar nauyim duniyakamarNeodymiumdafurcidmiumana samar da amfani da okellalysis.
Hanyar rage hanyar mara nauyi ta wurin zama kawai zai shirya babban matakin masana'antuRashin karancin kasa. ShiryaRashin karancin kasaTare da ƙarancin ƙazanta da tsarkakakkiyar hanya, ana amfani da hanyar ragi ta hanyar amfani da ita. Wannan hanyar na iya samar da duk karancin kariyar ƙasa, ammaSamarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,,thurium,yearsbiumba za a iya samar da amfani da wannan hanyar ba. Da jan hankaliSamarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,,thurium,yearsbiumda alli kawai wani bangare ya raguRasa DuniyaFlura. Gabaɗaya, shirye-shiryen waɗannan ƙarfe ya dogara da ƙa'idodin matsin lamba na waɗannan karafa da ƙananan ƙarancin tururi naƙarfe Lanthanums. Da downides na wadannan hudum duniyaan gauraye da guntu naƙarfe LanthanumS da kuma matsa zuwa cikin katanga, kuma an rage shi a cikin wutar tanderu.Lanthanumya fi aiki, yayinSamarus,kuɗin kuɗin shiga,,thurium,yearsbiuman rage su zuwa gwalLanthanumda kuma tattara kan condensation, yana sa sauki a raba daga slag.
Lokaci: Nuwamba-07-2023