Alamun papillary akan yatsun ɗan adam sun kasance a asali ba su canzawa a tsarin su tun daga haihuwa, suna da halaye daban-daban daga mutum zuwa mutum, kuma tsarin papillary akan kowane yatsa na mutum ɗaya shima ya bambanta.Tsarin papilla a kan yatsu yana raguwa kuma an rarraba shi tare da ramukan gumi da yawa.Jikin ɗan adam ya ci gaba da ɓoye abubuwan da ke tushen ruwa kamar gumi da abubuwa masu mai kamar mai.Wadannan abubuwa za su canjawa wuri kuma su ajiye akan abu lokacin da suka hadu, suna yin tasiri akan abu.Daidai saboda halaye na musamman na kwafin hannu, kamar ƙayyadaddun su na daidaikun mutane, kwanciyar hankali na rayuwa, da yanayin alamun taɓawa ne ya sa yatsa ya zama sanannen alamar bincike na laifi da kuma gane ainihin mutum tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da tambarin yatsa don tantance mutum. a karshen karni na 19.
A wurin da laifin ya faru, ban da alamun yatsa masu girma uku da lebur, yawan faruwar yuwuwar alamun yatsa shine mafi girma.Mahimman hotunan yatsu yawanci suna buƙatar sarrafa gani ta hanyar halayen jiki ko na sinadarai.Hanyoyin haɓakar sawun yatsa na gama gari sun haɗa da haɓakar gani, haɓaka foda, da haɓakar sinadarai.Daga cikin su, an fi son ci gaban foda ta hanyar raka'a na ƙasa saboda sauƙin aiki da ƙarancin farashi.Duk da haka, iyakancewar nunin yatsan foda na gargajiya ba ya biyan bukatun masu fasahar aikata laifuka, kamar hadaddun launuka daban-daban da kayan abin da ke wurin da laifin ya faru, da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin sawun yatsa da launi na baya;Girman, siffar, danko, rabon abun da ke ciki, da kuma aikin ƙwayoyin foda suna shafar yanayin bayyanar foda;Zaɓin zaɓi na foda na gargajiya ba shi da kyau, musamman ma ingantaccen tallan kayan jika akan foda, wanda ke rage haɓaka zaɓin foda na gargajiya.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ma'aikatan kimiyya da fasaha na aikata laifuka suna ci gaba da binciken sabbin kayan aiki da hanyoyin hadawa, daga cikinsukasa kasakayan luminescent sun ja hankalin ma'aikatan kimiyyar aikata laifuka da fasaha saboda kaddarorinsu na luminescent na musamman, babban bambanci, babban azanci, babban zaɓi, da ƙarancin guba a cikin aikace-aikacen nunin yatsa.A hankali cika 4f orbitals na abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya suna ba su wadatattun matakan kuzari, kuma 5s da 5P Layer na lantarki na abubuwan da ba kasafai ba sun cika gaba daya.Ana kiyaye na'urorin lantarki na Layer 4f, suna ba wa 4f electrons nau'in motsi na musamman.Don haka, abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya suna nuna kyakkyawan yanayin hoto da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai ba tare da bleaching ba, suna cin nasara kan iyakokin rini na halitta da aka saba amfani da su.Bugu da kari,kasa kasaabubuwa kuma suna da mafi girman kayan lantarki da maganadisu idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwa.The musamman na gani Properties nakasa kasaions, kamar tsawon rayuwa mai haske, yawan kunkuntar sha da makada masu fitar da hayaki, da kuma yawan kuzarin kuzari da gibin hayaki, sun jawo hankalin jama'a a cikin binciken da ya shafi nunin sawun yatsa.
Daga cikin masu yawakasa kasaabubuwa,europiumshine mafi yawan amfani da kayan haske.Demarcay, mai ganoeuropiuma cikin 1900, an fara bayyana kaifi Lines a cikin bakan na Eu3+ a cikin bayani.A cikin 1909, Urban ya bayyana cathodoluminescence naGd2O3ku: Eu3+.A cikin 1920, Prandtl ya fara buga bakan Eu3+, yana mai tabbatar da abubuwan da De Mare ya yi.Ana nuna bakan shayarwar Eu3+ a cikin Hoto na 1. Eu3+ yawanci yana kan C2 orbital don sauƙaƙe jujjuyawar electrons daga matakan 5D0 zuwa matakan 7F2, ta haka yana fitar da haske mai haske.Eu3+ na iya samun canji daga na'urorin lantarki na ƙasa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta matakin makamashi na jiha a cikin kewayon tsayin haske na bayyane.Ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na hasken ultraviolet, Eu3 + yana ba da haske mai ƙarfi.Irin wannan nau'in photoluminescence ba wai kawai ya shafi Eu3+ ions da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ginshiƙan crystal ko gilashin ba, har ma ga ɗakunan da aka haɗa tare da su.europiumda kwayoyin ligands.Waɗannan igiyoyin za su iya zama eriya don ɗaukar hasken haske da canja wurin kuzarin kuzari zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma na Eu3+ions.Mafi mahimmancin aikace-aikaceneuropiumshine ja mai kyalli fodaY2O3: Eu3+(YOX) wani muhimmin bangaren fitilun fitulu ne.Za'a iya samun haɓakar hasken ja na Eu3 + ba kawai ta hasken ultraviolet ba, har ma ta hanyar lantarki (cathodoluminescence), X-ray γ Radiation α ko β Particle, electroluminescence, frictional ko inji luminescence, da chemiluminescence hanyoyin.Saboda wadataccen kaddarorin sa na hasken haske, binciken ilimin halitta ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a fagagen kimiyyar halittu ko ilimin halitta.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya kuma tayar da sha'awar bincike na kimiyyar laifuka da ma'aikatan fasaha a fagen ilimin kimiyya, yana ba da zaɓi mai kyau don karya ta hanyar iyakokin tsarin foda na gargajiya don nuna alamun yatsa, kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen inganta bambanci, hankali, da zaɓin nunin sawun yatsa.
Hoto na 1 Eu3+Shan Spectrogram
1, luminescence manufa narare duniya europiumhadaddun
Jihar ƙasa da m jihar lantarki jeri naeuropiumions duka nau'in 4fn ne.Saboda kyakkyawan tasirin kariya na s da d orbitals a kusa daeuropiumions a kan 4f orbitals, da ff miƙa mulki naeuropiumions suna baje kolin madaukai masu kaifi da tsayin haske na rayuwa.Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin ingancin ingancin ions na europium a cikin ultraviolet da yankuna masu haske na bayyane, ana amfani da ligands na halitta don samar da hadaddun tare daeuropiumions don inganta yawan sha na ultraviolet da bayyane haske yankunan.Hasken haske da ke fitarwaeuropiumhadaddun ba wai kawai yana da fa'idodi na musamman na tsananin tsananin kyalli da tsaftar kyalli ba, amma kuma ana iya inganta su ta hanyar amfani da babban tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta a cikin yankunan ultraviolet da haske na bayyane.Ƙarfin kuzarin da ake buƙata doneuropiumion photoluminescence yana da girma Rashin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin haske.Akwai manyan ka'idodin luminescence guda biyu narare duniya europiumhadaddun: daya shine photoluminescence, wanda ke buƙatar ligand naeuropiumhadaddun;Wani al'amari shi ne cewa tasirin eriya na iya inganta ji naeuropiumion luminescence.
Bayan an yi farin ciki da ultraviolet na waje ko haske mai gani, ligand na halitta a cikinkasa kasahadaddun sauye-sauye daga yanayin ƙasa S0 zuwa jihar singlet mai farin ciki S1.Na'urorin lantarki masu jin daɗi ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma suna komawa zuwa ƙasa S0 ta hanyar radiation, suna sakin makamashi don ligand don fitar da haske, ko kuma a lokaci-lokaci tsalle zuwa yanayin jin daɗin sa sau uku T1 ko T2 ta hanyar da ba ta haskakawa;Jihohi masu sha'awar sau uku suna sakin makamashi ta hanyar radiation don samar da ligand phosphorescence, ko canja wurin makamashi zuwakarfe europiumions ta hanyar canja wurin makamashin intramolecular mara haske;Bayan an yi farin ciki, ions na europium suna canzawa daga yanayin ƙasa zuwa yanayin jin dadi, kumaeuropiumions a cikin yanayin jin dadi na canzawa zuwa matakin ƙananan makamashi, a ƙarshe yana dawowa zuwa ƙasa, sakin makamashi da samar da haske.Don haka, ta hanyar gabatar da ligands masu dacewa don yin hulɗa da sukasa kasaions da kuma wayar da kan tsakiyar karfe ions ta hanyar da ba radiative makamashi canja wuri a cikin kwayoyin, da fluorescence sakamako na kasa da kasa ions za a iya girma sosai da kuma da ake bukata na waje excitation makamashi za a iya rage.An san wannan al'amari a matsayin tasirin eriya na ligands.Tsarin matakin makamashi na canja wurin makamashi a cikin Eu3+complexes ana nuna shi a hoto na 2.
A cikin aiwatar da canja wurin makamashi daga jihar mai farin ciki sau uku zuwa Eu3+, ana buƙatar matakin makamashi na ligand triplet m jihar ya zama mafi girma ko daidai da matakin makamashi na Eu3+ m jihar.Amma lokacin da matakin makamashi sau uku na ligand ya fi mafi ƙarancin kuzarin makamashi na Eu3+, ƙimar canja wurin makamashi kuma za ta ragu sosai.Lokacin da bambanci tsakanin yanayi uku na ligand da mafi ƙasƙanci mai farin ciki na Eu3+ ya yi ƙanƙanta, ƙarfin hasken wuta zai yi rauni saboda tasirin ƙimar kashewar thermal na uku-uku na ligand.β- Kamfanonin Diketone suna da fa'idodi na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙimar shayarwar UV, ƙarfin daidaitawa mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen canja wurin makamashi tare dakasa kasas, kuma yana iya wanzuwa a cikin nau'i mai ƙarfi da na ruwa, yana mai da su ɗaya daga cikin ligands da aka fi amfani da sukasa kasahadaddun.
Hoto 2 Tsarin matakin makamashi na canja wurin makamashi a cikin Eu3+ hadaddun
2.Hanyar Haɗin kai naRare Duniya EuropiumComplexes
2.1 Hanyar haɗaɗɗun zafin jiki mai ƙarfi
Hanya mai ƙarfi mai zafin jiki hanya ce da aka saba amfani da ita don shiryawakasa kasaluminescent kayan, kuma shi ne kuma yadu amfani a masana'antu samar.Hanya mai ƙarfi mai zafin jiki mai ƙarfi shine amsawar musaya mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi (800-1500 ℃) don samar da sabbin mahadi ta hanyar watsawa ko jigilar atoms ko ions.Ana amfani da hanyar daɗaɗɗen lokaci mai zafi don shiryakasa kasahadaddun.Da fari dai, ana gauraya masu amsawa a wani ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun, kuma ana ƙara adadin da ya dace a cikin turmi don niƙa sosai don tabbatar da haɗuwa iri ɗaya.Bayan haka, ana sanya masu amsawar ƙasa a cikin tanderun zafin jiki don ƙididdigewa.A lokacin aikin calcination, ana iya cika iskar oxygen, raguwa, ko iskar iskar gas bisa ga buƙatun tsarin gwaji.Bayan ƙididdige yawan zafin jiki, an samar da matrix tare da takamaiman tsari na crystal, kuma ana ƙara ions na duniya mai kunnawa zuwa gare shi don samar da cibiyar haske.Rukunin da aka kayyade yana buƙatar shayar da sanyaya, kurkure, bushewa, sake niƙa, ƙididdigewa, da nunawa a zafin jiki don samun samfurin.Gabaɗaya, ana buƙatar matakan niƙa da yawa.Yawan niƙa na iya haɓaka saurin amsawa kuma ya sa abin ya zama cikakke.Wannan shi ne saboda nika tsari qara lamba yankin na reactants, ƙwarai inganta watsawa da kuma sufuri gudun ions da kwayoyin a cikin reactants, game da shi inganta dauki yadda ya dace.Koyaya, lokutan ƙididdiga daban-daban da yanayin zafi zasu yi tasiri akan tsarin matrix crystal da aka kafa.
Hanyar daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi mai zafi yana da fa'idodin aiki mai sauƙi, ƙarancin farashi, da ɗan gajeren lokacin amfani, yana mai da shi fasahar shirye-shiryen balagagge.Duk da haka, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da babban zafin jiki mai ƙarfi shine: na farko, zafin jiki da ake buƙata ya yi yawa, wanda ke buƙatar kayan aiki da kayan aiki masu yawa, yana cinye makamashi mai yawa, kuma yana da wuya a sarrafa ilimin halittar crystal.Samfurin ilimin halittar jiki bai daidaita ba, har ma yana haifar da lalacewar yanayin kristal, yana shafar aikin haske.Abu na biyu, rashin isassun niƙa yana da wahala ga masu amsawa su haɗu a ko'ina, kuma ƙwayoyin kristal suna da girma.Saboda niƙa na hannu ko inji, ƙazanta ba makawa suna gauraye don shafar hasken haske, yana haifar da ƙarancin tsabtar samfur.Batu na uku shine aikace-aikacen shafa mara daidaituwa da ƙarancin yawa yayin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen.Lai et al.hada da jerin Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl guda-lokaci polychromatic fluorescent powders doped tare da Eu3+ da Tb3+ ta amfani da gargajiya high-zazzabi m-jihar hanya.Ƙarƙashin tashin hankali na kusa-ultraviolet, foda mai kyalli zai iya daidaita launi mai haske na phosphor daga yankin shuɗi zuwa yankin kore bisa ga ƙaddamarwar doping, inganta lahani na ƙananan launi mai launi da kuma yawan zafin jiki mai launi a cikin farin haske-emitting diodes. .Babban amfani da makamashi shine babban matsala a cikin haɗin borofosfat tushen foda ta hanyar yanayin zafi mai ƙarfi.A halin yanzu, masana da yawa sun himmatu wajen haɓakawa da nemo matrices masu dacewa don magance matsalar yawan amfani da makamashi na hanyar ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi mai zafi.A cikin 2015, Hasegawa et al.ya kammala shirye-shiryen ƙananan zafin jiki mai ƙarfi na lokaci na Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) ta amfani da rukunin sararin samaniya na P1 na tsarin triclinic a karon farko.A cikin 2020, Zhu et al.ya ba da rahoton wata hanya mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don sabon labari Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3+(LNBP: Eu) phosphor, bincika ƙarancin amfani da makamashi da hanyar haɗin ƙima mai ƙarancin farashi don inorganic phosphor.
2.2 Hanyar hazo
Hanyar hazo kuma hanya ce da ake amfani da ita ta “laushi mai laushi” don shirya kayan da ba su da yawa a duniya.The co hazo Hanyar hada da ƙara wani precipitant zuwa reactant, wanda reacts tare da cations a cikin kowane reactant don samar da wani hazo ko hydrolyzes da reactant karkashin wasu yanayi don samar da oxides, hydroxides, insoluble salts, da dai sauransu The manufa samfurin samu ta hanyar tacewa. wankewa, bushewa, da sauran matakai.Fa'idodin hanyar hazo mai sauƙi shine aiki mai sauƙi, ɗan gajeren lokacin amfani, ƙarancin kuzari, da tsaftar samfur.Babban fa'idarsa shine cewa ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin sa na iya haifar da nanocrystals kai tsaye.Abubuwan da ke tattare da hanyar hazo tare sune: na farko, abin da ya faru na tattara samfuran da aka samu yana da tsanani, wanda ke shafar aikin haske na kayan kyalli;Abu na biyu, siffar samfurin ba shi da tabbas kuma yana da wuyar sarrafawa;Abu na uku, akwai wasu buƙatu don zaɓin albarkatun ƙasa, kuma yanayin hazo tsakanin kowane mai amsawa ya kamata ya zama kama ko iri ɗaya kamar yadda zai yiwu, wanda bai dace da aikace-aikacen abubuwan haɗin tsarin da yawa ba.K. Petcharoen et al.hadedde mai siffar zobe magnetite nanoparticles ta amfani da ammonium hydroxide a matsayin hazo da sinadaran co hazo hanya.Acetic acid da oleic acid an gabatar da su azaman abubuwan rufewa yayin matakin farko na crystallization, kuma an sarrafa girman magnetite nanoparticles a cikin kewayon 1-40nm ta canza yanayin zafi.A rijiya tarwatsa magnetite nanoparticles a cikin ruwa mai ruwa bayani da aka samu ta hanyar surface gyara, inganta agglomeration sabon abu na barbashi a cikin co hazo hanya.Kee et al.idan aka kwatanta tasirin hanyar hydrothermal da hanyar hazo a kan siffa, tsari, da girman barbashi na Eu-CSH.Sun nuna cewa hanyar hydrothermal tana haifar da nanoparticles, yayin da hanyar hazo mai hazo ke haifar da barbashi na prismatic submicron.Idan aka kwatanta da hanyar hazo, hanyar hydrothermal tana nuna crystallinity mafi girma da mafi kyawun ingancin hoto a cikin shirye-shiryen Eu-CSH foda.JK Han et al.ɓullo da wani labari co hazo hanya ta amfani da mara ruwa mai ƙarfi ƙarfi N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) shirya (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Eu2 phosphor tare da kunkuntar girman rarraba da babban adadi yadda ya dace kusa da nano mai siffar zobe ko submicron size barbashi.DMF na iya rage halayen polymerization kuma rage saurin amsawa yayin aiwatar da hazo, yana taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta.
2.3 Hydrothermal/narkewar thermal kira Hanyar
Hanyar hydrothermal ta fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 19 lokacin da masana ilimin kasa suka kwaikwayi ma'adinai na halitta.A farkon karni na 20, ka'idar ta girma a hankali kuma a halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin maganin sunadarai.Hanyar hydrothermal tsari ne wanda ake amfani da tururin ruwa ko ruwa mai ruwa a matsayin matsakaici (don jigilar ions da ƙungiyoyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma canja wurin matsa lamba) don isa ga matsayi mai mahimmanci ko matsayi mai girma a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi da matsa lamba mai rufewa (tsohon yana da zazzabi na 100-240 ℃, yayin da na karshen yana da zazzabi na har zuwa 1000 ℃), hanzarta da hydrolysis dauki kudi na albarkatun kasa, kuma a karkashin karfi convection, ions da kwayoyin kungiyoyin yada zuwa low zazzabi domin recrystallization.Matsakaicin zafin jiki, ƙimar pH, lokacin amsawa, maida hankali, da nau'in precursor yayin aikin hydrolysis yana shafar ƙimar amsawa, bayyanar crystal, tsari, tsari, da ƙimar girma zuwa digiri daban-daban.Ƙara yawan zafin jiki ba wai kawai yana hanzarta rushewar albarkatun kasa ba, amma har ma yana ƙara tasiri mai tasiri na kwayoyin don inganta samuwar crystal.Matsakaicin girma daban-daban na kowane jirgin kristal a cikin lu'ulu'u na pH sune manyan abubuwan da ke shafar lokaci, girman, da ilimin halittar jiki.Tsawon lokacin amsawa kuma yana rinjayar ci gaban kristal, kuma tsawon lokacin, mafi dacewa shine haɓakar crystal.
A abũbuwan amfãni daga hydrothermal Hanyar da aka yafi bayyana a: da farko, high crystal tsarki, babu ƙazantar ƙazantar, kunkuntar barbashi size rarraba, high yawan amfanin ƙasa, da bambancin samfurin ilimin halittar jiki;Na biyu shi ne cewa tsarin aiki yana da sauƙi, farashin yana da ƙananan, kuma amfani da makamashi yana da ƙasa.Yawancin halayen ana aiwatar da su a cikin matsakaici zuwa ƙananan yanayin zafi, kuma yanayin halayen yana da sauƙin sarrafawa.Tsarin aikace-aikacen yana da faɗi kuma yana iya saduwa da buƙatun shirye-shirye na nau'ikan kayan daban-daban;Abu na uku, matsin lamba na gurɓataccen muhalli ba shi da ƙarfi kuma yana da kusanci ga lafiyar masu aiki.Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da shi shine cewa farkon abin da ke faruwa yana da sauƙin shafar pH na muhalli, zazzabi, da lokaci, kuma samfurin yana da ƙananan abun ciki na oxygen.
Hanyar solvothermal tana amfani da kaushi na halitta azaman matsakaiciyar amsawa, yana ƙara haɓaka aikace-aikacen hanyoyin hydrothermal.Saboda bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da sinadarai tsakanin kwayoyin kaushi da ruwa, tsarin amsawa ya fi rikitarwa, kuma bayyanar, tsari, da girman samfurin sun fi bambanta.Nallappan et al.Haɗa lu'ulu'u na MoOx tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban daga takarda zuwa nanorod ta hanyar sarrafa lokacin amsawar hanyar hydrothermal ta amfani da sodium dialkyl sulfate azaman wakilin jagorar crystal.Diawen Hu et al.abubuwan da aka haɗar da su dangane da polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) da UiO-67 ko ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) ta amfani da hanyar solvothermal ta haɓaka yanayin haɗin gwiwa.
Hanyar gel 2.4
Hanyar gel gel hanya ce ta gargajiya ta gargajiya don shirya kayan aikin inorganic, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen nanomaterials na ƙarfe.A cikin 1846, Elbelmen ya fara amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya SiO2, amma amfani da shi bai yi girma ba tukuna.Hanyar shirye-shiryen shine galibi don ƙara mai kunna wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙasa a cikin maganin farko na amsawa don sanya sauran ƙarfi ya canza don yin gel, kuma gel ɗin da aka shirya yana samun samfurin da aka yi niyya bayan jiyya na zafin jiki.Fosfor da aka samar ta hanyar sol gel yana da kyawawan dabi'u da halaye na tsari, kuma samfurin yana da ƙananan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i ).Tsarin shiri na hanyar sol-gel yana da sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi don aiki, yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa, kuma aikin aminci yana da girma, amma lokaci yana da tsawo, kuma adadin kowane magani yana iyakance.Gaponenko et al.shirya amorphous BaTiO3 / SiO2 multilayer tsarin ta hanyar centrifugation da zafi magani sol-gel Hanyar tare da mai kyau transmissivity da refractive index, da kuma nuna cewa refractive index na BaTiO3 fim zai ƙara da karuwa da sol maida hankali.A cikin 2007, ƙungiyar bincike ta Liu L ta sami nasarar kama babban mai walƙiya da haske mai ƙarfi Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complex in silica based nanocomposites and doped dry gel ta amfani da hanyar sol gel.A cikin haɗe-haɗe da yawa na abubuwan haɓaka daban-daban na masu ilimin duniya da ba kasafai ba da samfuran silica nanoporous, amfani da 1,10-phenathroline (OP) sensitizer a cikin samfurin tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) yana ba da mafi kyawun kyalli na doped busassun gel don gwada abubuwan gani na Eu3+.
2.5 Hanyar haɗar microwave
Hanyar haɗa microwave wata sabuwar hanyar haɗin sinadarai ce mai kore kuma mara gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi idan aka kwatanta da yanayin ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin yanayi mai zafi, wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin haɗakar abubuwa, musamman a fagen haɗaɗɗun nau'in halitta, yana nuna kyakkyawan ci gaba.Microwave igiyar lantarki ce ta lantarki mai tsayi tsakanin 1nn da 1m.Hanyar Microwave ita ce tsarin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kayan farawa suna fuskantar polarization a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙarfin filin lantarki na waje.Yayin da jagorancin filin lantarki na microwave ya canza, motsi da tsarin tsarin na dipoles suna canzawa akai-akai.Amsar hysteresis na dipoles, da kuma jujjuyawar nasu makamashin thermal ba tare da buƙatar karo, gogayya, da asarar dielectric tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta, suna samun sakamako mai zafi.Saboda gaskiyar cewa microwave dumama iya uniformly zafi dukan dauki tsarin da kuma gudanar da makamashi da sauri, game da shi inganta ci gaban Organic halayen, idan aka kwatanta da gargajiya shirye-shirye hanyoyin, microwave kira Hanyar yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sauri dauki gudun, kore aminci, kananan da kuma uniform. size barbashi size, da kuma high zamani tsarki.Duk da haka, yawancin rahotanni a halin yanzu suna amfani da na'urorin lantarki irin su carbon foda, Fe3O4, da MnO2 don ba da zafi a kaikaice don amsawa.Abubuwan da microwaves ke ɗauka cikin sauƙi kuma suna iya kunna masu amsawa da kansu suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike.Liu et al.haɗe hanyar hazo tare da hanyar microwave don haɗa tsattsauran kashin baya LiMn2O4 tare da ƙwayoyin halittar jiki da kyawawan kaddarorin.
2.6 Hanyar konewa
Hanyar konewa ta dogara ne akan hanyoyin dumama na gargajiya, waɗanda ke amfani da konewar kwayoyin halitta don samar da samfurin da aka yi niyya bayan an fitar da maganin zuwa bushewa.Iskar gas da ake samu ta hanyar konewar kwayoyin halitta na iya rage jinkirin faruwar tashin hankali.Idan aka kwatanta da ƙaƙƙarfan hanyar dumama ƙasa, yana rage yawan kuzari kuma ya dace da samfura tare da ƙananan buƙatun zafin jiki.Duk da haka, tsarin amsawa yana buƙatar ƙari na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya kara yawan farashi.Wannan hanya tana da ƙananan ƙarfin sarrafawa kuma ba ta dace da samar da masana'antu ba.Samfurin da aka samar ta hanyar konewa yana da ƙarami kuma daidaitaccen girman barbashi, amma saboda ɗan gajeren tsari, ana iya samun lu'ulu'u da ba su cika ba, wanda ke shafar aikin luminescence na lu'ulu'u.Anning et al.yi amfani da La2O3, B2O3, da Mg a matsayin kayan farawa da kuma amfani da gishiri yana taimakawa haɗin ƙonewa don samar da LaB6 foda a cikin batches a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.
3. Aikace-aikace narare duniya europiumhadaddun ci gaban sawun yatsa
Hanyar nunin foda yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawu da hanyoyin nunin hoton yatsa na gargajiya.A halin yanzu, ana iya raba foda da ke nuna hotunan yatsa zuwa rukuni uku: foda na gargajiya, irin su ƙoshin maganadisu wanda ya ƙunshi foda mai kyau na ƙarfe da carbon foda;Karfe, kamar foda na gwal,foda na azurfa, da sauran foda na karfe tare da tsarin hanyar sadarwa;Fluorescent foda.Duk da haka, foda na gargajiya sau da yawa suna da matsala mai yawa wajen nuna alamun yatsa ko tsofaffin yatsu akan abubuwa masu rikitarwa, kuma suna da wani tasiri mai guba akan lafiyar masu amfani.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ma'aikatan kimiyyar aikata laifuka da fasaha sun ƙara fifita aikace-aikacen kayan kyalli na nano don nuna hoton yatsa.Saboda keɓaɓɓen kaddarorin luminescent na Eu3 + da aikace-aikacen tartsatsi nakasa kasaabubuwa,rare duniya europiumhadaddun ba wai kawai sun zama wurin bincike a fagen kimiyyar bincike ba, har ma sun samar da faffadan ra'ayoyin bincike don nuna hoton yatsa.Koyaya, Eu3+ a cikin ruwaye ko daskararru yana da ƙarancin aikin ɗaukar haske kuma yana buƙatar haɗa shi da ligands don faɗakarwa da fitar da haske, yana ba da damar Eu3+ don nuna ƙaƙƙarfan kaddarorin haske mai tsayi.A halin yanzu, ligands da aka fi amfani da su sun hada da β- Diketones, acid carboxylic acid da salts carboxylate, polymers Organic polymers, macrocycles supramolecular, da dai sauransu. Tare da zurfin bincike da aikace-aikace narare duniya europiumhadaddun, an gano cewa a cikin mahalli masu ɗanɗano, girgizar haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin H2O a cikineuropiumhadaddun na iya haifar da luminescence quenching.Don haka, don samun mafi kyawun zaɓi da bambanci mai ƙarfi a cikin nunin sawun yatsa, ana buƙatar ƙoƙarin yin nazarin yadda za a inganta yanayin zafi da kwanciyar hankali na inji.europiumhadaddun.
A cikin 2007, rukunin bincike na Liu L shine farkon gabatarwaeuropiumhadaddun cikin filin nunin hoton yatsa a karon farko a gida da waje.Za a iya amfani da madaidaicin haske da kwanciyar hankali Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complexes wanda aka kama ta hanyar sol gel don yuwuwar gano hoton yatsa akan wasu kayan aikin bincike daban-daban, gami da foil na zinari, gilashi, filastik, takarda mai launi da ganyen kore.Binciken bincike ya gabatar da tsarin shirye-shiryen, UV/Vis spectra, halayen haske, da sakamakon alamar yatsa na waɗannan sababbin Eu3 +/OP/TEOS nanocomposites.
A cikin 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al.da farko sun kafa Eu3+ ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) ta hexahydrateyumbu chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) da 1-10 phenanthroline (Phen).Ta hanyar ion musayar martani tsakanin ions sodium interlayer daeuropiumhadaddun ions, intercalated nano matasan mahadi (Eu (Phen) 2) 3+- hadedde lithium sabulu dutse da kuma Eu (Phen) 2) 3+- na halitta montmorillonite).A karkashin tashin hankali na UV fitila a wani zango na 312nm, biyu hadaddun ba kawai kula da halayyar photoluminescence mamaki mamaki, amma kuma da mafi girma thermal, sinadaran, da kuma inji kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da tsarki Eu3 + hadaddun. Duk da haka, saboda rashi quenched najasa ions. irin su baƙin ƙarfe a cikin babban jikin sabulun sabulu na lithium, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- sabulun sabulu na lithium yana da mafi kyawun hasken haske fiye da [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, kuma sawun yatsa yana nuna layi mai haske da bambanci mai ƙarfi tare da bangon baya.A cikin 2016, V Sharma et al.haɗakar da strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) nano fluorescent foda ta amfani da hanyar konewa.Foda ya dace da nunin sabbin sawun yatsa da tsoffi akan abubuwan da ba za su iya jurewa ba kamar takarda mai launi na yau da kullun, takarda marufi, foil na aluminum, da fayafai na gani.Ba wai kawai yana nuna babban hankali da zaɓe ba, amma kuma yana da halaye masu ƙarfi da dorewa na bayan haske.A cikin 2018, Wang et al.CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) da aka shirya tare daeuropium, samari, da manganese mai matsakaicin diamita na 30nm.Nanoparticles an lullube su da amphiphilic ligands, yana ba su damar tarwatsa su cikin ruwa ba tare da rasa ingancin hasken su ba;Co gyare-gyare na ESM-CaS-NP surface tare da 1-dodecylthiol da 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT) / MUA@ESM-CaS NPs nasarar warware matsalar kyalli quenching a cikin ruwa da barbashi tara lalacewa ta hanyar barbashi hydrolysis a cikin nano fluorescent. foda.Wannan foda mai kyalli ba wai kawai yana nuna yuwuwar sawun yatsa akan abubuwa kamar foil na aluminum, filastik, gilashi, da yumbura da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen ba, amma kuma yana da nau'ikan hasken haske mai ban sha'awa kuma baya buƙatar kayan haɓaka hoto masu tsada don nuna alamun yatsa. A wannan shekarar, ƙungiyar bincike ta Wang ta haɗa jerin abubuwan da suka shafi ternaryeuropiumhadaddun [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] ta amfani da ortho, meta, da p-methylbenzoic acid a matsayin ligand na farko da ortho phenanthroline a matsayin ligand na biyu ta amfani da hanyar hazo.Karkashin 245nm hasken ultraviolet haske, yuwuwar alamun yatsa akan abubuwa kamar robobi da alamun kasuwanci ana iya nunawa a fili.A cikin 2019, Sung Jun Park et al.hada YBO3: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) phosphor ta hanyar solvothermal, inganta ingantaccen gano hoton yatsa da rage tsangwama a bango.A cikin 2020, Prabakaran et al.ɓullo da wani mai kyalli Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3/D-Dextrose composite, ta amfani da EuCl3 · 6H20 a matsayin precursor.Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 an haɗa shi ta amfani da Phen da 5,5'- DMBP ta hanyar zafi mai zafi, sa'an nan kuma Na [Eu (5,5'- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 da D-Dextrose an yi amfani da su azaman precursor don samar da Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 ta hanyar adsorption.3/D-Dextrose hadaddun.Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen, haɗin gwiwar na iya nuna alamun yatsa a sarari a kan abubuwa irin su kwalabe na filastik, gilashin, da kudin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin farin ciki na hasken rana na 365nm ko hasken ultraviolet, tare da babban bambanci da ingantaccen aikin walƙiya.A cikin 2021, Dan Zhang et al.samu nasarar tsarawa da haɗa wani labari na hexanuclear Eu3 + Complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY tare da rukunin ɗaure guda shida, waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na zafi mai haske (<50 ℃) kuma ana iya amfani dashi don nunin sawun yatsa.Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don tantance nau'ikan baƙi masu dacewa.A cikin 2022, L Brini et al.An samu nasarar hada Eu: Y2Sn2O7 foda mai kyalli ta hanyar hanyar hazo da kuma ci gaba da nika magani, wanda zai iya bayyana yuwuwar sawun yatsa a kan katako da abubuwa marasa lalacewa. -harsashi nau'in nanofluorescence abu, wanda zai iya haifar da jan kyalli a karkashin 254nm ultraviolet tashin hankali da haske kore haske a karkashin 980nm kusa-infrared tashin hankali, cimma dual yanayin nuni na m yatsa a kan bako.Yiwuwar nunin hoton yatsa akan abubuwa kamar fale-falen yumbu, zanen filastik, gami da aluminium, RMB, da takarda mai launi suna nuna babban hankali, zaɓi, bambanci, da juriya mai ƙarfi ga tsangwama a bango.
4 Outlook
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da bincike a kanrare duniya europiumhadaddun ya jawo hankalin da yawa, godiya ga kyawawan abubuwan gani da abubuwan maganadisu kamar ƙarfin haske mai ƙarfi, tsaftar launi mai tsayi, tsawon rayuwa mai haske, babban ƙarfin kuzari da gibin fitarwa, da kunkuntar kololuwar sha.Tare da zurfafa bincike a kan kayan da ba kasafai ba, aikace-aikacen su a fannoni daban-daban kamar haske da nuni, kimiyyar halittu, aikin gona, soja, masana'antar bayanai ta lantarki, watsa bayanan gani, kyamarorin hana jabu, gano kyalli, da sauransu suna ƙara yaɗuwa.The Tantancewar Properties naeuropiumhadaddun suna da kyau sosai, kuma filayen aikace-aikacen su suna faɗaɗa a hankali.Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermal, kaddarorin injina, da aiwatarwa zai iyakance aikace-aikacen su.Daga halin yanzu bincike hangen zaman gaba, da aikace-aikace bincike na Tantancewar Properties naeuropiumhadaddun a fagen kimiyyar bincike ya kamata su mayar da hankali kan inganta abubuwan gani na ganieuropiumhadaddun da magance matsalolin barbashi mai kyalli suna da saurin haɗuwa a cikin mahalli mai laushi, kiyaye kwanciyar hankali da ingantaccen haske naeuropiumhadaddun a cikin ruwa mafita.A zamanin yau, ci gaban al'umma da kimiyya da fasaha sun gabatar da buƙatu mafi girma don shirye-shiryen sababbin kayan.Yayin biyan bukatun aikace-aikacen, ya kamata kuma ya bi halayen ƙira iri-iri da ƙarancin farashi.Saboda haka, ƙarin bincike akaneuropiumRukunin gine-gine na da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga bunkasuwar albarkatun kasa na kasar Sin da ba kasafai ba, da bunkasa kimiyya da fasahar aikata laifuka.
Lokacin aikawa: Nov-01-2023