AMisali na kowa shine cewa idan mai shine jinin masana'antu, to, ƙasa mai wuya shine bitamin na masana'antu.
Rare ƙasa shine taƙaitaccen rukuni na karafa.Rare Earth Elements,REE) an gano su daya bayan daya tun karshen karni na 18.Akwai nau'ikan REE guda 17, gami da lanthanides 15 a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadarai-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), da sauransu. An yi amfani da shi sosai a fannoni da yawa kamar na'urorin lantarki, petrochemicals da ƙarfe.Kusan kowace shekara 3-5, masana kimiyya za su iya gano sabbin abubuwan amfani da ƙasa da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ƙirƙira guda shida ba za a iya raba su da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.
Kasar Sin tana da arzikin ma'adinan kasa da ba kasafai ba, a matsayi na daya a duniya uku: na farko a albarkatun kasa, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 23%;Fitowar ita ce ta farko, wanda ya kai kashi 80% zuwa 90% na kayayyakin da ba kasafai ake samun su a duniya ba;Girman tallace-tallace shine na farko, tare da kashi 60% zuwa 70% na samfuran ƙasa da ba kasafai ake fitarwa waje ba.A sa'i daya kuma, kasar Sin ita ce kasa daya tilo da za ta iya samar da dukkan nau'o'in karafa iri 17 na kasa, musamman ma matsakaita da nauyi da ba kasafai ake amfani da su wajen yin amfani da soja ba.
RDuniya wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, wanda aka sani da "monosodium glutamate masana'antu" da "mahaifiyar sababbin kayan aiki", kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a fannin kimiyya da fasaha da masana'antar soja.A cewar Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Fasahar Watsa Labarai, kayan aiki irin su magnetin dindindin na duniya, hasken wuta, ajiyar hydrogen da catalysis sun zama albarkatun da ba a buƙata don manyan masana'antu kamar masana'antar kayan aiki na ci gaba, sabbin makamashi da masana'antu masu tasowa. yadu amfani da Electronics, Petrochemical masana'antu, karafa, inji, sabon makamashi, haske masana'antu, kare muhalli, noma da sauransu..
Tun a shekarar 1983, Japan ta bullo da tsarin tanadin dabaru na ma'adanai da ba kasafai ba, kuma kashi 83% na kasashen da ba kasafai suke cikin gida ba sun fito ne daga kasar Sin.
Dubi Amurka kuma, wuraren da ba kasafai take da su a duniya ba su ne na biyu bayan kasar Sin, amma kasashen da ba kasafai suke da su ba, duk duniya ne masu haske, wadanda suka kasu zuwa kasa masu nauyi da ba kasafai ba.Ƙasar da ba kasafai masu nauyi ba suna da tsada sosai, kuma ƙasan da ba kasafai ke da haske ba ba su da tattalin arziki a gare ni, wanda mutanen da ke cikin masana'antar suka mayar da su na bogi.80% na Amurka da ba kasafai ake shigo da su daga China ba.
Kwamared Deng Xiaoping ya taba cewa: "Akwai mai a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kasa da ba kasafai ba a kasar Sin."Ma'anar maganarsa a bayyane take.Rare ƙasa ba kawai dole ne "MSG" ga 1/5 high-tech kayayyakin a duniya, amma kuma mai karfi ciniki guntu ga kasar Sin a duniya yin shawarwari a nan gaba.Kare da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da ba kasafai a kimiyance ba, ya zama dabarar ƙasa da mutane da yawa ke kira ga mutane masu kima a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don hana albarkatun ƙasa da ba kasafai ake sayar da su ba tare da fitar da su zuwa ƙasashen yamma.A shekarar 1992, Deng Xiaoping ya bayyana karara matsayin kasar Sin a matsayin babbar kasa a duniya.
Jerin amfani na 17 rare earths
Ana amfani da lanthanum 1 a cikin kayan gami da fina-finan noma
Ana amfani da Cerium sosai a gilashin mota
3 praseodymium ana amfani dashi ko'ina a cikin yumbu pigments
Neodymium ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin kayan sararin samaniya
Kuge 5 suna ba da makamashin taimako don tauraron dan adam
Aikace-aikacen 6 Samarium a cikin Reactor Energy Energy
7 europium masana'anta ruwan tabarau da ruwa crystal nuni
Gadolinium 8 don hoton maganadisu na likitanci
Ana amfani da 9 terbium a cikin sarrafa regulator na jirgin sama
Ana amfani da 10 erbium a cikin layin laser a cikin harkokin soja
Ana amfani da 11 dysprosium azaman tushen haske don fim da bugu
Ana amfani da 12 holmium don kera na'urorin sadarwa na gani
Ana amfani da 13 thulium don ganewar asibiti da kuma kula da ciwace-ciwacen daji
14 ytterbium additive don ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta
Aikace-aikacen 15 lutium a cikin fasahar baturi mai ƙarfi
16 yttrium yana yin wayoyi da abubuwan haɗin jirgin sama
Ana amfani da Scandium sau da yawa don yin gami
Cikakkun bayanai sune kamar haka:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
A cikin yakin Gulf, na'urar hangen nesa da dare tare da ƙarancin ƙasa mai lanthanum ya zama tushen tankuna na Amurka. Hoton da ke sama yana nuna foda na lanthanum chloride.(Taswirar bayanai)
Lanthanum da ake amfani da ko'ina a piezoelectric kayan, electrothermal kayan, thermoelectric kayan, magnetoresistive kayan, luminescent kayan (blue foda), hydrogen ajiya kayan, Tantancewar gilashin, Laser kayan, daban-daban gami kayan, etc.Lanthanum kuma ana amfani da catalysts domin shiri na Yawancin kayayyakin sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta, Masana kimiyya sun sanya wa lanthanum suna "super calcium" saboda tasirinsa akan amfanin gona.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium za a iya amfani da shi azaman mai kara kuzari, arc electrode da gilashin musamman.Cerium gami yana da juriya ga zafi mai zafi kuma ana iya amfani dashi don yin sassan jigilar jet.(Taswirar bayanai)
(1) Cerium, azaman ƙari na gilashi, na iya ɗaukar hasken ultraviolet da haskoki na infrared, kuma an yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin gilashin mota.Ba zai iya hana haskoki na ultraviolet kawai ba, har ma yana rage yawan zafin jiki a cikin motar, don adana wutar lantarki don iska. conditioning.Tun daga 1997, an ƙara ceria zuwa duk gilashin mota a Japan.A cikin 1996, an yi amfani da aƙalla tan 2000 na ceria a gilashin mota, kuma fiye da ton 1000 a Amurka.
(2) A halin yanzu, ana amfani da cerium a cikin abin da zai iya hana fitar da iskar hayaki mai yawa a cikin iska.Amfanin Cerium a Amurka ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan amfani da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.
(3) Ana iya amfani da Cerium sulfide a cikin launi maimakon gubar, cadmium da sauran karafa masu illa ga muhalli da dan Adam.Ana iya amfani dashi don canza launin robobi, sutura, tawada da masana'antar takarda. A halin yanzu, babban kamfani shine Rhone Planck na Faransa.
(4) AZ: LiSAF Laser Laser ne m-jihar Laser ci gaba da Amurka.Ana iya amfani da shi don gano makamai masu rai da magani ta hanyar saka idanu kan maida hankali na tryptophan. Ana amfani da Cerium sosai a fannoni da yawa.Kusan duk aikace-aikacen ƙasa da ba kasafai ba sun ƙunshi cerium.Kamar polishing foda, kayan ajiyar hydrogen, kayan thermoelectric, cerium tungsten electrodes, yumbu capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, man cell raw kayan, gas catalysts, wasu m Magnetic kayan, daban-daban gami. karafa da karafa da ba na tafe ba.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1) Ana amfani da Praseodymium sosai wajen gina yumbu da yumbu na yau da kullun.Ana iya haɗa shi da yumbu glaze don yin glaze mai launi, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman launin ruwan kasa.Alamun launin rawaya ne mai haske tare da launi mai tsafta da kyan gani.
(2) Ana amfani da shi don kera maɗaukaki na dindindin.Yin amfani da praseodymium mai arha da ƙarfe neodymium maimakon Pure Neodymium karfe don yin abubuwan maganadisu na dindindin, juriyar iskar oxygen da kaddarorin injinsa suna da kyau a fili, kuma ana iya sarrafa shi zuwa manyan sifofi daban-daban. ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin na'urorin lantarki daban-daban da injina.
(3) Amfani da man fetur catalytic cracking.The aiki, selectivity da kwanciyar hankali na mai kara kuzari za a iya inganta ta ƙara da enriched praseodymium da neodymium cikin Y zeolite kwayoyin sieve don shirya man fetur fatattaka catalyst.China fara saka a cikin masana'antu amfani a cikin 1970s. kuma amfani yana karuwa.
(4) Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Praseodymium don goge goge baki. Bugu da kari, praseodymium ana amfani dashi sosai a filin fiber na gani.
4
Neodymium (nd)
Me yasa za'a fara samo tankin M1? Tankin yana sanye da Nd: YAG Laser rangefinder, wanda zai iya kaiwa kusan mita 4000 a cikin hasken rana.(Taswirar bayanai)
Tare da haihuwar praseodymium, neodymium ya kasance.Zuwan neodymium ya kunna filin da ba kasafai ba, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin filin da ba kasafai ba, kuma ya yi tasiri ga kasuwar duniya da ba kasafai ba.
Neodymium ya zama wuri mai zafi a kasuwa tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda matsayinsa na musamman a fagen duniyar da ba kasafai ba.Mafi girman mai amfani da ƙarfe neodymium shine NdFeB kayan maganadisu na dindindin.Zuwan NdFeB maganadisu na dindindin ya sanya sabon kuzari a cikin filin fasaha na duniya da ba kasafai ba.NdFeB maganadisu ana kiransa "sarki na dindindin maganadiso" saboda da high Magnetic makamashi samfurin.It da ake amfani da ko'ina a Electronics, inji da sauran masana'antu domin ta kyakkyawan yi.Nasarar ci gaban Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ya nuna cewa magnetic Properties na NdFeB maganadiso a kasar Sin sun shiga matakin duniya.Ana kuma amfani da Neodymium a cikin kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba.Ƙara 1.5-2.5% neodymium a cikin magnesium ko aluminum gami zai iya inganta aikin zafin jiki mai girma, haɓakar iska da juriya na lalata.Bugu da ƙari, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet yana samar da katako na laser gajere, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen waldawa da yanke kayan bakin ciki tare da kauri a kasa 10mm a masana'antu.A cikin jiyya, Nd: Ana amfani da laser YAG don cire tiyata ko kashe raunuka maimakon fatar fata.Hakanan ana amfani da Neodymium don canza launin gilashin da kayan yumbu kuma azaman ƙari ga samfuran roba.
5
Trollium (Pm)
Thulium wani nau'in rediyo ne na wucin gadi wanda masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya ke samarwa (taswirar bayanai)
(1) ana iya amfani dashi azaman tushen zafi.Samar da makamashin taimako don gano injin da kuma tauraron dan adam.
(2) Pm147 yana fitar da ƙananan makamashi β-rays, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kera batirin kumfa.Kamar yadda ake samar da wutar lantarki na kayan jagora na makamai masu linzami da agogo.Irin wannan baturi ƙarami ne kuma ana iya amfani dashi akai-akai har tsawon shekaru da yawa.Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da promethium a cikin kayan aikin X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto, shirye-shiryen phosphor, auna kauri da fitilar fitila.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Metal samarium (taswirar bayanai)
Sm rawaya ne mai haske, kuma shine albarkatun kasa na Sm-Co maganadisu na dindindin, kuma Sm-Co maganadisu shine farkon magnetin duniya da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a masana'antu ba.Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan maganadisu na dindindin: tsarin SmCo5 da tsarin Sm2Co17.A farkon 1970s, an ƙirƙira tsarin SmCo5, kuma an ƙirƙiri tsarin Sm2Co17 a cikin lokacin baya.Yanzu bukatar na karshen an ba da fifiko.Tsaftar samarium oxide da ake amfani da ita a cikin samarium cobalt maganadisu baya buƙatar yin girma da yawa.La'akari da farashin, Yafi amfani game da 95% na kayayyakin.Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da samarium oxide a cikin capacitors na yumbura da masu kara kuzari.Bugu da kari, samarium yana da kaddarorin nukiliya, wadanda za a iya amfani da su a matsayin kayan gini, kayan kariya da kayan sarrafawa don samar da makamashin nukiliya, ta yadda za a iya amfani da dimbin makamashin da ke haifar da fission na nukiliya cikin aminci.
7
Europium (Eu)
Europium oxide foda (taswirar bayanai)
Ana amfani da Europium oxide mafi yawa don phosphor (taswirar bayanai)
A cikin 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay ya gano wani sabon abu daga "samarium", mai suna Europium.Wataƙila ana kiran wannan da kalmar Turai.Europium oxide yawanci ana amfani dashi don foda mai kyalli.Ana amfani da Eu3+ azaman mai kunnawa jan phosphor, kuma Eu2+ ana amfani dashi azaman shuɗi phosphor.Yanzu Y2O2S:Eu3+ shine mafi kyawun phosphor a cikin ingantaccen haske, kwanciyar hankali na rufi da farashin sake amfani da shi. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da shi sosai saboda haɓaka fasahar fasaha kamar haɓaka haɓakar haske da bambanci.An kuma yi amfani da Yuropium oxide azaman ƙarar phosphor don sabon tsarin gano cutar X-ray a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da Europium oxide don kera ruwan tabarau masu launi da matattarar gani, don na'urorin ajiyar kumfa na Magnetic, Hakanan yana iya nuna gwanintarsa a cikin kayan sarrafawa, kayan kariya da kayan tsari na reactors na atomatik.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium da isotopes ɗin sa sune mafi inganci masu ɗaukar neutron kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman masu hana injin nukiliya.(taswirar bayanai)
(1) Rukunin paramagnetic mai narkewar ruwa na iya haɓaka siginar hoto na NMR na jikin ɗan adam a cikin jiyya.
(2) Ana iya amfani da sulfur oxide ɗinsa azaman grid na oscilloscope tube da allon X-ray tare da haske na musamman.
(3) Gadolinium a cikin Gadolinium Gallium Garnet shine manufa guda ɗaya don ƙwaƙwalwar kumfa.
(4) Ana iya amfani da shi azaman matsakaici mai ƙarfi na maganadisu ba tare da ƙuntatawa na sake zagayowar Camot ba.
(5) Ana amfani da shi azaman mai hanawa don sarrafa matakin amsawar sarkar makamashin nukiliya don tabbatar da amincin halayen nukiliya.
(6) Ana amfani dashi azaman ƙari na samarium cobalt magnet don tabbatar da cewa aikin baya canzawa tare da zafin jiki.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Terbium oxide foda (taswirar bayanai)
Aiwatar da terbium galibi ya ƙunshi fage na fasaha mai zurfi, wanda wani aiki ne mai ɗorewa tare da fasaha mai zurfi da ilimi, da kuma aikin da ke da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi mai ban sha'awa, tare da kyakkyawan ci gaba.
(1) Ana amfani da phosphors azaman masu kunna koren foda a cikin phosphors na tricolor, irin su terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix da terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, wanda duk ke fitar da haske kore a cikin yanayin farin ciki.
(2) Magneto-Otical ajiya kayan.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, terbium magneto-optical kayan sun kai sikelin samar da taro.Ana amfani da fayafai na Magneto-optical da aka yi da fina-finan amorphous Tb-Fe azaman abubuwan ajiyar kwamfuta, kuma ƙarfin ajiya yana ƙaruwa sau 10 ~ 15.
(3) Magneto-optical gilashin, terbium-dauke da Faraday Rotatory gilashin ne key abu ga masana'antu rotators, isolators da annulators wanda aka yadu amfani a Laser fasahar.Musamman, ci gaban TerFenol ya buɗe sabon aikace-aikacen Terfenol, wanda shine sabon abu da aka gano a cikin 1970s.Rabin wannan gami ya ƙunshi terbium da dysprosium, wani lokacin tare da holmium sauran kuma baƙin ƙarfe ne. Ames Laboratory ne ya fara haɓaka wannan gami a Iowa, Amurka.Lokacin da aka sanya Terfenol a cikin filin maganadisu, girmansa yana canzawa fiye da na kayan maganadisu na yau da kullun, wanda zai iya yin wasu takamaiman motsi na inji mai yiwuwa.Terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe ne yafi amfani a sonar da farko, kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina a da yawa filayen a halin yanzu.Daga man allura tsarin, ruwa bawul iko, micro-matsayi, to inji actuators, inji da regulators for jirgin sama telescopes.
10
Da (Dy)
Metal dysprosium (taswirar bayanai)
(1) A matsayin ƙari na NdFeB maganadisu na dindindin, ƙara kusan 2 ~ 3% dysprosium zuwa wannan maganadisu na iya haɓaka ƙarfin tilastawa.A baya, buƙatar dysprosium ba ta da girma, amma tare da karuwar bukatar NdFeB maganadiso, ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci, kuma matakin dole ne ya kasance kusan 95 ~ 99.9%, kuma buƙatun kuma ya karu da sauri.
(2) Ana amfani da dysprosium azaman mai kunna phosphor.Trivalent dysprosium shine ƙwaƙƙwaran kunna ion na kayan luminescent tricolor tare da cibiyar haske ɗaya.Yana da akasari ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu na ɓadaki biyu, ɗayan shine hasken wutar haske, ɗayan shine hasken wuta mai haske.Ana iya amfani da kayan luminescent da aka yi tare da dysprosium azaman phosphor mai tricolor.
(3) Dysprosium ne zama dole karfe albarkatun kasa shirya Terfenol gami a magnetostrictive gami, wanda zai iya gane wasu daidai ayyukan inji motsi.(4) Dysprosium karfe za a iya amfani da matsayin magneto-Optical ajiya abu tare da babban rikodi gudun da kuma karanta hankali.
(5) An yi amfani da shi a cikin shirye-shiryen fitilu na dysprosium, kayan aiki da ake amfani da su a cikin fitilu dysprosium shine dysprosium iodide, wanda ke da fa'idodin haske mai kyau, launi mai kyau, babban launi mai launi, ƙananan girman, barga arc da sauransu, kuma an yi amfani dashi. a matsayin tushen haske don fim da bugawa.
(6) Ana amfani da Dysprosium don auna bakan makamashi na neutron ko azaman abin sha a cikin masana'antar makamashin atomic saboda babban yanki na kama-karya na neutron.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan aikin maganadisu don firiji na maganadisu.Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, za a ci gaba da fadada wuraren aikace-aikacen dysprosium.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (taswirar bayanai)
A halin yanzu, filin aikace-aikacen ƙarfe yana buƙatar haɓaka haɓaka, kuma amfani ba shi da girma sosai.Kwanan nan, Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya ta Rare Baotou Karfe ta karbi babban zafin jiki da fasaha mai tsabta mai tsabta, kuma ya ɓullo da ƙarfe mai tsabta Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% tare da ƙananan abubuwan da ba nakasa ba.
A halin yanzu, babban amfani da makullai sune:
(1) A matsayin ƙari na fitilar halogen na ƙarfe, fitilar halogen na ƙarfe wani nau'in fitilar iskar gas ne, wanda aka kera shi a kan fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi, kuma yanayinsa shine cewa kwan fitila yana cike da nau'in halides na duniya daban-daban.A halin yanzu, ana amfani da iodide na ƙasa da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba, waɗanda ke fitar da layukan gani daban-daban lokacin fitar da iskar gas.Abun aiki da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fitilar baƙin ƙarfe shine qiniodide, ana iya samun babban taro na atom ɗin ƙarfe a cikin yankin arc, don haka inganta ingantaccen aikin radiation.
(2) Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe azaman ƙari don yin rikodin ƙarfe ko garnet na aluminum
(3) Khin-doped aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG) na iya fitar da 2um Laser, kuma yawan shan Laser 2um ta kyallen jikin mutum yana da girma, kusan umarni uku masu girma fiye da na Hd: YAG.Sabili da haka, lokacin amfani da Ho: YAG Laser don aikin likita, ba kawai zai iya inganta ingantaccen aiki da daidaito ba, har ma ya rage yankin lalacewar thermal zuwa ƙaramin girman.Ƙaƙwalwar kyauta ta hanyar kulle crystal na iya kawar da mai ba tare da haifar da zafi mai yawa ba, Domin rage lalacewar thermal ga kyallen takarda masu kyau, an ruwaito cewa w-laser na glaucoma a Amurka zai iya rage zafin tiyata. na 2um Laser crystal a kasar Sin ya kai matakin kasa da kasa, don haka wajibi ne a bunkasa da kuma samar da irin wannan nau'i na Laser crystal.
(4) Hakanan za'a iya ƙara ƙaramin adadin Cr cikin magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D don rage filin waje da ake buƙata don magnetization jikewa.
(5) Bugu da ƙari, za a iya amfani da fiber doped baƙin ƙarfe don yin fiber Laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor da sauran na'urorin sadarwa na gani, wanda zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saurin sadarwar fiber na gani a yau.
12
Erbium (ER)
Erbium oxide foda (bayanin bayani)
(1) Hasken haske na Er3 + a 1550nm yana da mahimmanci na musamman, saboda wannan tsayin daka yana samuwa a mafi ƙarancin asarar fiber na gani a cikin sadarwar fiber na gani.Bayan an yi farin ciki da hasken 980nm da 1480nm, koto (Er3 +) yana wucewa daga ƙasa ƙasa 4115/2 zuwa yanayin makamashi mai ƙarfi 4I13 / 2. Lokacin da Er3 + a cikin babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya koma yanayin ƙasa, yana fitar da haske 1550nm.Ma'adini fiber na iya watsa haske na daban-daban wavelengths, duk da haka, da Tantancewar attenuation kudi na 1550nm band ne mafi ƙasƙanci (0.15 dB / km), wanda shi ne kusan ƙananan iyaka attenuation rate.Saboda haka, da Tantancewar asarar Tantancewar fiber sadarwa ne m lokacin da. Ana amfani da shi azaman hasken sigina a 1550 nm. Ta wannan hanyar, idan an gauraye ma'aunin koto mai dacewa a cikin matrix da ya dace, amplifier zai iya rama asarar da aka yi a cikin tsarin sadarwa bisa ga ka'idar laser, Saboda haka, a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. yana buƙatar haɓaka siginar gani na 1550nm, bait doped fiber amplifier shine ainihin na'urar gani.A halin yanzu, bait doped silica fiber amplifier an sayar da shi.An ba da rahoton cewa don guje wa sha mara amfani, adadin doped a cikin fiber na gani ya kai dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan ppm. Saurin haɓaka sadarwar fiber na gani zai buɗe sabbin filayen aikace-aikace. .
(2) (2) Bugu da kari, koto doped Laser crystal da fitarwa 1730nm Laser da 1550nm Laser amintattu ne ga idanun ɗan adam, kyakkyawan aikin watsa yanayi, ƙarfin shigar da hayaki na fagen fama, tsaro mai kyau, ba sauƙin ganowa ta hanyar abokan gaba, da kuma bambanci na radiation na hare-haren soja yana da girma.An yi shi ya zama na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto ta Laser wanda ke da aminci ga idanun ɗan adam a cikin amfani da soja.
(3) (3) Er3 + za a iya ƙara a cikin gilashin don yin rare duniya gilashin Laser abu, wanda shi ne m Laser abu tare da mafi girma fitarwa bugun jini makamashi da kuma mafi girma fitarwa ikon.
(4) Er3 + kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman ion mai aiki a cikin kayan aikin laser da ba kasafai ba.
(5) (5) Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da koto don lalata launi da canza launin gilashin gilashi da gilashin crystal.
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Thulium (TM)
Bayan an haskaka shi a cikin injin sarrafa nukiliya, thulium yana samar da isotope wanda zai iya fitar da X-ray, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman tushen X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto.(Taswirar bayanai)
(1)TM ana amfani da shi azaman tushen ray na injin X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto.Bayan da aka yi hasarar a cikin makamashin nukiliya.TMyana samar da wani nau'in isotope wanda zai iya fitar da X-ray, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin iska mai ɗaukar jini.Irin wannan na'urar rediyo na iya canza yu-169 zuwaTM-170 karkashin aikin katako mai tsayi da tsakiya, kuma yana haskaka X-ray don haskaka jini da rage farin jini.Wadannan fararen jini ne ke haifar da kin dashen gabobin, don rage kin amincewar gabobi da wuri.
(2) (2)TMHakanan za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin asibiti ganewar asali da kuma kula da ciwon daji saboda babban kusancinsa ga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙasa mai nauyi mai nauyi ta fi dacewa fiye da ƙasa mara nauyi, musamman ma kusancin Yu shine mafi girma.
(3) (3) Ana amfani da X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) azaman activator a cikin phosphor na X-ray sensitization allon don inganta na gani ji na gani, don haka rage fallasa da cutar da X-ray ga mutane × Adadin radiation shine 50%, wanda yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen likita.
(4) (4) Ana iya amfani da fitilar halide na ƙarfe azaman ƙari a cikin sabon tushen haske.
(5) (5) Tm3 + za a iya ƙara a cikin gilashin don yin rare duniya gilashin Laser abu, wanda shi ne m-jihar Laser abu da most fitarwa bugun jini da mafi girma fitarwa power.Tm3 + kuma za a iya amfani da matsayin kunnawa ion. na rare duniya upconversion Laser kayan.
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Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium karfe (taswirar bayanai)
(1) Kamar yadda thermal garkuwa shafi material.The sakamakon nuna cewa madubi iya inganta lalata juriya na electrodeposited tutiya shafi a fili, da kuma hatsi girman shafi da madubi ne karami fiye da na shafi ba tare da madubi.
(2) Kamar yadda magnetostrictive abu.Wannan abu yana da halaye na giant magnetostriction, wato, fadadawa a cikin Magnetic filin. The gami da yafi hada da madubi / ferrite gami da dysprosium / ferrite gami, da kuma wani rabo na manganese da aka kara don samar da. giant magnetostriction.
(3) Abun madubi da ake amfani dashi don auna matsi.Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa halayen madubi yana da girma a cikin kewayon matsi, wanda ke buɗe sabuwar hanya don aikace-aikacen madubi a ma'aunin matsi.
(4) Cika tushen resin don kogon molars don maye gurbin amalgam na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su a baya.
(5) Malaman kasar Japan sun yi nasarar kammala shirye-shiryen da aka yi da madubi-doped vanadium baht garnet da aka saka layin waveguide Laser, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban fasahar Laser.Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da madubi don kunna mai kunnawa foda, yumbu na rediyo, kayan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta na lantarki (maganin kumfa) ƙari, ƙwayar fiber gilashi da ƙari na gilashin gani, da dai sauransu.
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Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide foda (taswirar bayanai)
Yttrium lutium silicate crystal (taswirar bayanai)
(1) sanya wasu allurai na musamman.Misali, ana iya amfani da gawa na lutium aluminium don nazarin kunna aikin neutron.
(2) Stable lutium nuclides suna taka rawar gani a cikin fashewar man fetur, alkylation, hydrogenation da polymerization.
(3) Ƙarin ƙarfe na yttrium ko yttrium aluminum garnet na iya inganta wasu kaddarorin.
(4) Raw kayan na Magnetic kumfa tafki.
(5) Ƙa'idar aiki mai haɗaka, lutium-doped aluminum yttrium neodymium tetraborate, yana cikin filin fasaha na maganin gishiri mai sanyaya ci gaban crystal.Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa lutium-doped NYAB crystal ya fi NYAB crystal a cikin daidaituwar gani da aikin laser.
(6) An gano cewa lutium yana da aikace-aikace masu yuwuwa a cikin nunin electrochromic da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.Bugu da kari, ana kuma amfani da lutium a fasahar batirin makamashi da mai kunna phosphor.
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Yttrium (y)
Ana amfani da Yttrium da yawa, yttrium aluminum garnet za a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan laser, yttrium iron garnet ana amfani dashi don fasahar microwave da canja wurin makamashi mai ƙarfi, da europium-doped yttrium vanadate da europium-doped yttrium oxide ana amfani da su azaman phosphors don saitin TV masu launi.(taswirar bayanai)
(1) Additives ga karfe da kuma wadanda ba na ƙarfe gami.FeCr alloy yawanci ya ƙunshi 0.5-4% yttrium, wanda zai iya haɓaka juriya na iskar shaka da ductility na waɗannan bakin karfe;Ana inganta cikakkun kaddarorin abubuwan gami na MB26 a fili ta hanyar ƙara daidaitaccen adadin yttrium-arziƙin gauraye ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, wanda zai iya maye gurbin wasu allurai masu ƙarfi na aluminium kuma a yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan da ke damuwa na jirgin sama.Ƙara ƙaramin adadin yttrium-arziƙin ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin Al-Zr gami, ana iya inganta haɓakar wannan gami;Yawancin masana'antun waya a kasar Sin sun karbe wannan gami.Ƙara yttrium a cikin gami da jan ƙarfe yana inganta haɓaka aiki da ƙarfin injina.
(2) Silicon nitride yumbu abu mai dauke da 6% yttrium da 2% aluminum za a iya amfani dashi don haɓaka sassan injin.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet Laser beam tare da ikon 400 watts ana amfani da shi don hakowa, yanke da walda manyan abubuwa.
(4) Allon microscope na lantarki wanda ya ƙunshi Y-Al garnet guda crystal yana da haske mai haske, ƙarancin ƙarancin haske mai tarwatsewa, da kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki da juriya na inji.
(5) High yttrium structural alloy dauke da 90% yttrium za a iya amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama da sauran wurare da ake buƙatar ƙananan yawa da babban narkewa.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-zazzabi proton conductive abu, wanda ke jan hankali da yawa a halin yanzu, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da man fetur Kwayoyin, electrolytic Kwayoyin da gas na'urori masu auna sigina bukatar high hydrogen solubility.Bugu da kari, yttrium kuma ana amfani dashi azaman kayan feshi mai zafi mai zafi, mai diluent don man atom, ƙari ga kayan maganadisu na dindindin, da mai shiga cikin masana'antar lantarki.
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Scandium (Sc)
Metal scandium (taswirar bayanai)
Idan aka kwatanta da yttrium da abubuwan lanthanide, scandium yana da ƙaramin radius na ionic musamman da ƙarancin alkalinity na hydroxide.Don haka, lokacin da aka haɗu da abubuwan da ba a sani ba a cikin ƙasa, scandium zai fara hazo lokacin da aka bi da shi tare da ammonia (ko alkali mai tsarma sosai), don haka ana iya raba shi cikin sauƙi daga abubuwan da ba kasafai ba ta hanyar hanyar "hazo mai juzu'i".Wata hanya ita ce yin amfani da polarization bazuwar nitrate don rabuwa. Scandium nitrate shine mafi sauƙi don bazuwa, don haka cimma manufar rabuwa.
Ana iya samun Sc ta hanyar electrolysis.Ana narkar da ScCl3, KCl da LiCl a lokacin gyaran scandium, sannan ana amfani da narkakkar zinc a matsayin cathode don electrolysis, ta yadda scandium ya hauhawa akan electrode na zinc, sannan a fitar da zinc din don samun scandium.Bugu da kari, ana samun saukin gano scandium yayin sarrafa tama don samar da sinadarin uranium, thorium da lanthanide.Cikakken farfadowa na scandium hade daga tungsten da tin tama shima yana daya daga cikin mahimman tushen scandium.Scandium shine mainly a trivalent yanayi a cikin fili, wanda aka sauƙaƙe oxidized zuwa Sc2O3 a cikin iska da kuma rasa karfe haske da kuma juya zuwa duhu launin toka.
Babban amfani da scandium sune:
(1) Scandium na iya amsawa da ruwan zafi don sakin hydrogen, kuma yana narkewa a cikin acid, don haka yana da ƙarfi mai ragewa.
(2) Scandium oxide da hydroxide alkaline ne kawai, amma tokar gishirin sa da kyar ake samun ruwa.Scandium chloride farin crystal ne, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana lalata iska. (3) A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe, ana amfani da scandium sau da yawa don yin allurai (haɗin kayan haɗin gwiwa) don haɓaka ƙarfi, taurin, juriya mai zafi da aikin gami.Alal misali, ƙara ɗan ƙaramin sinadari zuwa narkakken ƙarfe na iya inganta haɓakar simintin ƙarfe, yayin da ƙara ɗan ƙaramin scandium zuwa aluminum zai iya inganta ƙarfinsa da juriya na zafi.
(4) A cikin masana'antar lantarki, ana iya amfani da scandium azaman na'urorin semiconductor daban-daban.Misali, aikace-aikacen scandium sulfite a cikin semiconductor ya ja hankalin gida da waje, kuma ferrite mai ɗauke da scandium shima yana da alƙawarinna'urar maganadisu na kwamfuta.
(5) A cikin masana'antar sinadarai, ana amfani da mahadi na scandium azaman barasa na bushewa da kuma cire ruwa, wanda shine ingantaccen mai haɓaka samar da ethylene da chlorine daga sharar gida.
(6) A cikin masana'antar gilashi, ana iya kera gilashin musamman masu ɗauke da scandium.
(7) A cikin masana'antar hasken wutar lantarki, fitilun scandium da sodium da aka yi da scandium da sodium suna da fa'ida ta ingantaccen inganci da ingantaccen launi mai haske.
(8) Scandium ya wanzu a cikin nau'i na 45Sc a yanayi.Bugu da ƙari, akwai isotopes na rediyoaktif guda tara na Scandium, wato 40 ~ 44Sc da 46 ~ 49Sc.Daga cikin su, 46Sc, a matsayin mai ganowa, an yi amfani da shi a masana'antar sinadarai, ƙarfe da kuma nazarin teku.A cikin magani, akwai mutane a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke yin karatu ta amfani da 46Sc don magance ciwon daji.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-04-2022