1. Ma'anar Kayayyakin Nukiliya
A cikin faffadar ma'ana, kayan nukiliya shine jumla ta gaba ɗaya na kayan da aka yi amfani da su musamman a masana'antar nukiliya da bincike na kimiyyar nukiliya, gami da makamashin nukiliya da kayan aikin injiniya na nukiliya, watau abubuwan da ba na makamashin nukiliya ba.
Abubuwan da aka fi sani da makaman nukiliya galibi suna nufin kayan da ake amfani da su a sassa daban-daban na injin, wanda kuma aka sani da kayan reactor.Kayayyakin wutar lantarki sun haɗa da makamashin nukiliya da ke fuskantar fission ɗin nukiliya a ƙarƙashin bama-bamai na neutron, kayan sanyawa don abubuwan da aka haɗa da makamashin nukiliya, masu sanyaya, masu daidaitawa (masu daidaitawa), kayan sarrafa sanda waɗanda ke ɗaukar neutron ɗin ƙarfi, da kayan nuni waɗanda ke hana ɗigon neutron a wajen injin injin.
2. Haɗin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin albarkatun ƙasa da ƙasa da albarkatun nukiliya
Monazite, wanda kuma ake kira phosphocerite da phosphocerite, wani ma'adinai ne na gama-gari a cikin matsakaicin acid igneous rock da metamorphic rock.Monazite yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'adanai na ƙarfe na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, kuma yana wanzuwa a cikin wasu dutsen da ke ƙasa.Jajaye mai launin ruwan kasa, rawaya, wani lokacin rawaya mai launin ruwan kasa, tare da ƙoshin mai maiko, cikakkiyar tsagewa, taurin Mohs na 5-5.5, da takamaiman nauyi na 4.9-5.5.
Babban ma'adinan ma'adinai na wasu nau'in ma'adinan da ba kasafai ba a cikin kasar Sin shine monazite, galibi yana cikin Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, da gundumar He, Guangxi.Koyaya, hakar nau'in albarkatun ƙasa da ba kasafai ba sau da yawa ba shi da mahimmancin tattalin arziki.Duwatsu guda ɗaya sau da yawa suna ɗauke da abubuwa masu rarrafe thorium kuma su ne babban tushen plutonium na kasuwanci.
3. Bayanin aikace-aikacen ƙasa mai wuya a cikin haɗin nukiliya da fission na nukiliya dangane da ƙididdigar panoramic na haƙƙin mallaka.
Bayan mahimman kalmomin abubuwan binciken duniya da ba kasafai aka fadada su ba, an haɗa su tare da maɓallan faɗaɗa da lambobi rarrabuwa na fission na nukiliya da haɗakar makaman nukiliya, kuma an bincika su a cikin bayanan Incopt.Kwanan binciken shine Agusta 24, 2020. An sami haƙƙin mallaka 4837 bayan haɗewar dangi mai sauƙi, kuma an ƙayyade haƙƙin mallaka 4673 bayan rage amo na wucin gadi.
Rare ƙasa lamban kira aikace-aikace a fagen nukiliya fission ko makaman nukiliya Fusion ana rarraba a 56 kasashe / yankuna , yafi mayar da hankali a Japan, Sin, Amurka, Jamus da kuma Rasha, da dai sauransu A babba adadin hažžožin da ake amfani a cikin nau'i na PCT. , wanda aikace-aikacen fasaha na fasaha na kasar Sin ke karuwa, musamman tun daga shekara ta 2009, yana shiga wani mataki mai sauri, kuma Japan, Amurka da Rasha sun ci gaba da tsarawa a wannan fanni shekaru da yawa (Hoto na 1).
Hoto 1 Yanayin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da aikace-aikacen ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin fission na nukiliya da haɗakar makaman nukiliya a cikin ƙasashe/ yankuna.
Ana iya gani daga nazarin jigogi na fasaha cewa aikace-aikacen ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin haɗin nukiliya da fission na nukiliya yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan mai, scintilators, na'urorin gano hasken wuta, actinides, plasmas, injin nukiliya, kayan kariya, shayarwar neutron da sauran hanyoyin fasaha.
4. Takamaiman Aikace-aikace da Binciken Mahimmin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Daga cikin su, haɗakar makaman nukiliya da halayen fission na nukiliya a cikin kayan nukiliya suna da ƙarfi, kuma buƙatun kayan suna da tsauri.A halin yanzu, masu samar da wutar lantarki galibi na'urorin sarrafa wutar lantarki ne, kuma za a iya yin amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa wutar lantarki a babban sikeli bayan shekaru 50.Aikace-aikace nakasa kasaabubuwa a cikin reactor tsarin kayan;A cikin takamaiman filayen sinadarai na nukiliya, abubuwan da ba kasafai ake amfani da su a duniya ba galibi ana amfani da su wajen sarrafa sanduna;Bugu da kari,scandiuman kuma yi amfani da shi a fannin kimiyyar rediyo da masana'antar nukiliya.
(1) Kamar yadda guba mai ƙonewa ko sandar sarrafawa don daidaita matakin neutron da yanayin yanayin mai sarrafa makamashin nukiliya.
A wutar lantarki reactivity, na farko saura reactivity na sabon cores ne kullum in mun gwada da high.Musamman a farkon matakan sake sake mai na farko, lokacin da duk man nukiliya a cikin ainihin sabon abu ne, sauran sake kunnawa shine mafi girma.A wannan gaba, dogaro kawai da haɓaka sandunan sarrafawa don rama ragowar reactivity zai gabatar da ƙarin sandunan sarrafawa.Kowane sandar sarrafawa (ko gunkin sanda) yayi daidai da gabatarwar hadadden tsarin tuki.A gefe guda, wannan yana ƙaruwa farashin, kuma a gefe guda, buɗe ramuka a cikin matsi na jirgin ruwa na iya haifar da raguwar ƙarfin tsarin.Ba wai kawai rashin tattalin arziki ba ne, amma kuma ba a yarda ya sami wani adadin porosity da ƙarfin tsari a kan matsi na jirgin ruwa.Koyaya, ba tare da haɓaka sandunan sarrafawa ba, yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka haɓakar sinadarai masu ramawa guba (kamar boric acid) don rama ragowar reactivity.A wannan yanayin, yana da sauƙi don ƙaddamar da boron ya wuce kofa, kuma yawan zafin jiki na mai daidaitawa zai zama tabbatacce.
Don guje wa matsalolin da aka ambata, ana iya amfani da haɗe-haɗe na gubobi masu ƙonewa, sanduna masu sarrafawa, da sarrafa ramuwar sinadarai gabaɗaya don sarrafawa.
(2) A matsayin dopant don haɓaka aikin reactor structural kayan
Reactors suna buƙatar kayan aikin tsari da abubuwan man fetur don samun wani matakin ƙarfi, juriya na lalata, da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, yayin da kuma hana samfuran fission shiga cikin sanyaya.
1) .Rare ƙasa karfe
Makamin nukiliya yana da matsananciyar yanayin jiki da sinadarai, kuma kowane ɓangaren injin ɗin yana da buƙatu masu yawa don ƙarfe na musamman da ake amfani da shi.Abubuwan da ba a sani ba suna da tasirin gyare-gyare na musamman akan ƙarfe, musamman waɗanda suka haɗa da tsarkakewa, metamorphism, microalloying, da haɓaka juriya na lalata.Hakanan ana amfani da ƙarancin ƙasa mai ɗauke da karafa a cikin injinan nukiliya.
① Tasirin Tsarkakewa: Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa ƙasan da ba kasafai ba suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na tsarkakewa akan narkakken ƙarfe a yanayin zafi.Wannan saboda ƙasan da ba kasafai ba na iya amsawa da abubuwa masu cutarwa irin su oxygen da sulfur a cikin narkakkar karfe don samar da mahadi masu zafi.Za'a iya haɓaka mahaɗan maɗaukakin zafin jiki da kuma fitar da su a cikin nau'in haɗawa kafin narkakken ƙarfen ya tattara, ta haka zai rage ƙazanta abun ciki a cikin narkakkar karfe.
② Metamorphism: a gefe guda, oxides, sulfides ko oxysulfides da aka haifar ta hanyar amsawar ƙasa mai wuya a cikin narkakken ƙarfe tare da abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar oxygen da sulfur ana iya riƙe su a cikin narkakkar karfe kuma su zama haɗaɗɗun ƙarfe tare da babban ma'anar narkewa. .Ana iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwan da aka haɗa azaman cibiyoyin nucleation daban-daban yayin ƙarfafa narkakken ƙarfe, don haka inganta siffa da tsarin ƙarfe.
③ Microalloying: idan an ƙara ƙarar ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, sauran ƙasan da ba kasafai ba za a narkar da su a cikin ƙarfe bayan an gama tsarkakewar da ke sama da metamorphism.Tun da atom ɗin radius na ƙasa mai wuya ya fi girma fiye da na ƙarfe atom, ƙasa mai wuya tana da ayyuka mafi girma.A lokacin tsarin ƙarfafa narkakkar karfe, abubuwan da ba su da yawa na ƙasa suna wadatar da su a kan iyakar hatsi, wanda zai iya rage rarrabuwar abubuwa marasa ƙazanta a iyakar hatsi, don haka ƙarfafa ingantaccen bayani kuma suna taka rawar microalloying.A daya hannun, saboda da hydrogen ajiya halaye na kasa rare, za su iya sha hydrogen a karfe, game da shi yadda ya kamata inganta hydrogen embrittlement sabon abu na karfe.
④ Inganta juriya na lalata: Bugu da ƙari na abubuwan da ba su da yawa na duniya kuma na iya inganta juriya na lalata.Wannan saboda ƙananan ƙasa suna da yuwuwar lalata kansu fiye da bakin karfe.Don haka, ƙari na ƙasan da ba kasafai ba na iya haɓaka yuwuwar lalata bakin karfe da kai, ta haka inganta kwanciyar hankali na ƙarfe a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu lalata.
2).Mabuɗin Binciken Bambanci
Key lamban kira: ƙirƙira lamban kira na wani oxide watsawa karfafa low kunnawa karfe da kuma shirye-shiryen da Cibiyar karafa, kasar Sin Academy of Sciences
Patent Abstract: An bayar da shi ne wani oxide watsawa ƙarfafa low kunnawa karfe dace da Fusion reactors da shirye-shiryen Hanyar, halin da cewa yawan gami abubuwa a cikin jimlar taro na low kunnawa karfe ne: da matrix ne Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.0≤%, 0.06 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .
Tsarin masana'anta: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn uwar gami da smelting, foda atomization, babban makamashi ball milling na uwa gami daY2O3 nanoparticlehade foda, foda enveloping hakar, solidification gyare-gyare, zafi mirgina, da zafi magani.
Hanyar ƙara ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi: Ƙara nanoscaleY2O3barbashi zuwa ga mahaifa alloy atomized foda don high-makamashi ball milling, tare da ball milling matsakaici kasancewa % 6 da Φ 10 gauraye wuya karfe bukukuwa, tare da ball milling yanayi na 99.99% argon gas, wani ball abu taro rabo na (8- 10): 1, lokacin niƙa ball na sa'o'i 40-70, da saurin juyawa na 350-500 r/min.
3) An yi amfani da shi don yin kayan kariya na radiation na Neutron
① Ka'idar kariya ta neutron radiation
Neutrons abubuwa ne na nuclei atomic, tare da matsakaicin nauyin 1.675 × 10-27kg, wanda shine sau 1838 na lantarki.Radius ɗinsa yana da kusan 0.8 × 10-15m, kama da girman proton, kama da γ Rays ba a cajin su.Lokacin da neutrons ke mu'amala da kwayoyin halitta, galibi suna mu'amala da sojojin nukiliyar da ke cikin tsakiya, kuma ba sa mu'amala da electrons da ke cikin harsashi na waje.
Tare da saurin bunƙasa makamashin nukiliya da fasahar sarrafa makamashin nukiliya, an ƙara mai da hankali ga amincin radiyon nukiliya da kariyar radiation ta nukiliya.Don ƙarfafa kariyar radiation ga masu aiki waɗanda ke da alhakin kiyaye kayan aikin radiation da ceton haɗari na dogon lokaci, yana da mahimmancin mahimmancin kimiyya da darajar tattalin arziki don haɓaka matakan kariya masu nauyi don tufafin kariya.Radiyoyin Neutron shine mafi mahimmancin sashin makamashin nukiliya.Gabaɗaya, yawancin neutrons ɗin da ke hulɗar kai tsaye da ɗan adam an rage su zuwa ƙananan kuzarin neutron bayan tasirin garkuwar neutron na kayan aikin da ke cikin injin nukiliya.Ƙananan neutrons masu ƙarfi za su yi karo da nuclei tare da ƙananan lambar atomic da ƙarfi kuma a ci gaba da daidaita su.Nau'in neutron mai matsakaicin matsakaicin za a sha shi da abubuwan da ke da manyan sassan shanyewar neutron, kuma a ƙarshe za a cimma nasarar garkuwar neutron.
② Mahimmin Ƙwararren Ƙwararru
A porous da Organic-inorganic matasan Properties narare earth elementgadoliniumtushen karfe Organic kwarangwal kayan ƙara da karfinsu da polyethylene, inganta hada hadawa kayan don samun babban gadolinium abun ciki da gadolinium watsawa.Babban abun ciki na gadolinium da tarwatsewa zai shafi aikin garkuwar neutron kai tsaye na kayan haɗin gwiwar.
Maɓalli mai mahimmanci: Cibiyar Hefei na Kimiyyar Material, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin, ƙirar ƙirƙira ta gadolinium tushen tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙunshi kayan kariya da tsarinsa
Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa .gadoliniumtushen karfe Organic kwarangwal abu tare da polyethylene a cikin wani nauyi rabo na 2:1:10 da forming shi ta hanyar ƙarfi evaporation ko zafi latsa.Gadolinium tushen karfe Organic kwarangwal kayan garkuwar abubuwa suna da babban kwanciyar hankali da ƙarfin garkuwar neutron mai zafi.
Tsarin masana'antu: zaɓi daban-dabangadolinium karfesalts da Organic ligands don shirya da haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan gadolinium na tushen ƙarfe na kwarangwal, wanke su da ƙananan ƙwayoyin methanol, ethanol, ko ruwa ta hanyar centrifugation, da kunna su a babban zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin injin don cikakken cire sauran kayan da ba a daidaita su ba. a cikin pores na gadolinium tushen karfe kwayoyin kwarangwal kayan;A gadolinium tushen organometallic kwarangwal abu shirya a mataki yana zuga tare da polyethylene ruwan shafa fuska a wani babban gudun, ko ultrasonically, ko gadolinium tushen organometallic kwarangwal abu shirya a mataki ne narke blended da matsananci-high kwayoyin nauyi polyethylene a high zafin jiki har sai cikakken gauraye;Sanya gadolinium wanda aka gauraya daidai gwargwado tushen karfe Organic kwarangwal abu/ cakuda polyethylene a cikin mold, da samun kafaffen gadolinium tushen karfe Organic kwarangwal hada kayan garkuwa ta bushewa don inganta ƙamshi ƙanƙara ko matsi mai zafi;Shirye-shiryen tushen gadolinium na ƙarfe na kwarangwal ɗin kayan garkuwa ya inganta juriyar zafi sosai, kaddarorin injina, da mafi girman ƙarfin garkuwar neutron mai zafi idan aka kwatanta da tsarkakakken kayan polyethylene.
Yanayin ƙari na ƙasa: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 ko Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous crystalline daidaitawa polymer mai ɗauke da gadolinium, wanda aka samu ta hanyar daidaitawa polymerization naGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O ko GdCl3 • 6H2Oda kuma kwayoyin carboxylate ligand;Girman gadolinium tushen karfen kwarangwal abu shine 50nm-2 μm; Gadolinium tushen karfe kwayoyin kwarangwal kayan suna da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, gami da granular, siffar sanda, ko sifofin allura.
(4) Aikace-aikace naScandiuma cikin ilimin kimiyyar rediyo da masana'antar nukiliya
Ƙarfe na Scandium yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali da ƙarfin shayarwar furotin, yana mai da shi abu mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar makamashin atomic.
Key lamban kira: China Aerospace Development Beijing Cibiyar Aeronautical Materials, ƙirƙira lamban kira na aluminum zinc magnesium scandium gami da shirye-shirye Hanyar
Abubuwan da aka ba da izini: Zinc na aluminummagnesium scandium alloyda hanyar shirya shi.Abubuwan sinadaran da nauyin nauyin aluminum zinc magnesium scandium alloy sune: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, impurities Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, sauran najasa guda ≤ 0.05%, sauran najasa duka ≤ 0.15%, sauran adadin kuma shine Al.Microstructure na wannan aluminum zinc magnesium scandium gami abu ne uniform kuma aikin sa yana da ƙarfi, tare da ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe na sama da 400MPa, ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa sama da 350MPa, da ƙarfin tensile na sama da 370MPa don haɗin gwiwar welded.Za a iya amfani da samfuran kayan a matsayin abubuwa na tsari a sararin samaniya, masana'antar nukiliya, sufuri, kayan wasanni, makamai da sauran fannoni.
Tsarin masana'antu: Mataki na 1, sashi bisa ga abun da ke ciki na alloy na sama;Mataki na 2: Narke a cikin tanderun narke a zafin jiki na 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Mataki 3: Tace da gaba daya narkewa karfe ruwa, da kuma kula da karfe zafin jiki a cikin kewayon 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ a lokacin tacewa;Mataki na 4: Bayan tacewa, yakamata a bar shi gaba daya ya tsaya cak;Mataki 5: Bayan cikakken tsaye, fara simintin gyaran kafa, kula da tanderun zafin jiki a cikin kewayon 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, da simintin gudun ne 15-200mm / minti;Mataki 6: Yi homogenization annealing magani a kan gami ingot a cikin dumama makera, tare da homogenization zafin jiki na 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Mataki 7: Kwasfa da homogenized ingot kuma yi zafi extrusion don samar da bayanan martaba tare da kauri na bango fiye da 2.0mm.A lokacin aikin extrusion, billet ya kamata a kiyaye shi a zazzabi na 350 ℃ zuwa 410 ℃;Mataki 8: Matsi bayanin martaba don maganin kashewa, tare da zafin jiki na 460-480 ℃;Mataki na 9: Bayan sa'o'i 72 na ingantaccen bayani quenching, tilasta tsufa da hannu.The manual ƙarfi tsufa tsarin ne: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 hours + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / 5 hours, ko 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 hours + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / 10 hours.
5. Takaitaccen Bincike
Gabaɗaya, ƙasan da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba a cikin haɗakar nukiliya da fission na nukiliya, kuma suna da shimfidu masu yawa na haƙƙin mallaka a cikin hanyoyin fasaha kamar X-ray excitation, samuwar plasma, ruwa mai haske, transuranium, uranyl da foda oxide.Dangane da kayan reactor, ana iya amfani da ƙasan da ba kasafai ba a matsayin kayan aikin reactor da kayan rufin yumbu masu alaƙa, kayan sarrafawa da kayan kariya na hasken neutron.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-26-2023