A cikin duniyar kimiyyar sihiri.bariuma ko da yaushe yana jan hankalin masana kimiyya tare da fara'a na musamman da aikace-aikacensa na musamman. Ko da yake wannan silfa-fararen ƙarfe ba shi da ƙuri'a kamar zinariya ko azurfa, yana taka rawar da babu makawa a fagage da yawa. Daga madaidaicin kayan aiki a cikin dakunan binciken kimiyya zuwa mahimman albarkatun ƙasa a cikin samarwa masana'antu zuwa abubuwan ganowa a fagen likitanci, barium ya rubuta almara na sinadarai tare da kaddarorin sa da ayyuka na musamman.
Tun a shekara ta 1602, Cassio Lauro, mai yin takalmi a birnin Porra na ƙasar Italiya, ya gasa barite ɗin da ke ɗauke da barium sulfate tare da wani abu mai ƙonewa a wani gwaji kuma ya yi mamakin gano cewa yana iya haskakawa a cikin duhu. Wannan binciken ya tada sha'awa sosai a tsakanin masana a lokacin, kuma dutsen ana kiransa Porra stone kuma ya zama abin da masana kimiyyar turawa suka mayar da hankali wajen bincike.
Duk da haka, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Sweden Scheele ne ya tabbatar da gaske cewa barium wani sabon abu ne. Ya gano barium oxide a cikin 1774 kuma ya kira ta "Baryta" (ƙasa mai nauyi). Ya yi nazarin wannan sinadari mai zurfi kuma ya yi imani cewa an hada shi da sabuwar duniya (oxide) hade da sulfuric acid. Bayan shekaru biyu, ya samu nasarar dumama nitrate na wannan sabuwar ƙasa kuma ya sami tsaftataccen oxide.
Duk da haka, duk da cewa Scheele ya gano oxide na barium, sai a shekara ta 1808 ne masanin kimiyyar kimiya na Burtaniya Davy ya yi nasarar samar da karfen barium ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki da aka yi daga barite. Wannan binciken ya nuna alamar tabbatar da barium a matsayin wani ƙarfe na ƙarfe, kuma ya buɗe tafiya na aikace-aikacen barium a fannoni daban-daban.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, mutane sun ci gaba da zurfafa fahimtar barium. Masana kimiyya sun binciko gabobin halitta kuma sun inganta ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ta hanyar nazarin kaddarorin da halayen barium. Aiwatar da barium a cikin binciken kimiyya, masana'antu, da kuma fannin likitanci kuma ya ƙara ƙaruwa, yana kawo jin daɗi da jin daɗi ga rayuwar ɗan adam.Kyawun barium ya ta'allaka ne ba kawai a aikace ba, har ma a cikin sirrin kimiyyar da ke bayansa. Masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da binciko gabobin halitta tare da haɓaka ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ta hanyar nazarin kaddarorin da halayen barium. Hakazalika, barium shima yana cikin nutsuwa yana taka rawa a cikin rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun, yana kawo dacewa da kwanciyar hankali ga rayuwarmu.
Bari mu shiga wannan tafiya ta sihiri ta binciken barium, mu buɗe mayafinta mai ban mamaki, kuma mu yaba da fara'arsa ta musamman. A cikin labarin mai zuwa, za mu gabatar da cikakken bayani game da kaddarorin da aikace-aikacen barium, da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa a cikin binciken kimiyya, masana'antu, da magani. Na yi imani cewa ta hanyar karanta wannan labarin, za ku sami zurfin fahimta da ilimin barium.
1. Filin aikace-aikacen barium
Barium sinadari ne na gama gari. Ƙarfe ne mai launin azurfa-fari wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin nau'i na ma'adanai daban-daban a yanayi. Wadannan sune wasu amfanin yau da kullun na barium
Ƙonawa da haske: Barium ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfin gaske wanda ke samar da harshen wuta mai haske idan ya haɗu da ammonia ko oxygen. Wannan yana sanya barium ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antu kamar masana'antar wasan wuta, flares, da masana'antar phosphor.
Masana'antar Likita: Hakanan ana amfani da mahadi na Barium a cikin masana'antar likitanci. Ana amfani da abinci na Barium (kamar allunan barium) a cikin gwaje-gwajen X-ray na ciki don taimakawa likitoci su lura da aikin tsarin narkewa. Ana kuma amfani da mahadi na Barium a wasu magungunan rediyo, kamar radioactive iodine don maganin cututtukan thyroid.
Gilashi da yumbu: Ana amfani da mahadi na Barium sau da yawa a cikin gilashin da masana'anta yumbu saboda kyakkyawan yanayin narkewa da juriya na lalata. Magungunan Barium na iya haɓaka tauri da ƙarfin yumbu kuma suna iya samar da wasu kaddarorin kayan yumbu na musamman, kamar rufin lantarki da babban maƙasudin refractive.
Karfe Alloys: Barium na iya yin allurai tare da sauran abubuwan ƙarfe, kuma waɗannan allunan suna da wasu abubuwan musamman. Alal misali, barium alloys na iya ƙara ma'anar narkewar aluminum da magnesium gami, yana sa su sauƙin sarrafawa da jefawa. Bugu da kari, ana kuma amfani da barium gami da abubuwan maganadisu don yin faranti na baturi da kayan maganadisu.
Barium wani sinadari ne mai alamar sinadari Ba da lambar atomic lamba 56. Barium ƙarfe ne na ƙasa na alkaline wanda ke rukuni na 6 na tebur na lokaci-lokaci, manyan abubuwan rukuni.
2. Kaddarorin jiki na barium
Barium (Ba)sigar alkaline earth karfe element ne. 1. Siffar: Barium ƙarfe ne mai laushi, fari-fari mai launin azurfa tare da fiɗaɗɗen ƙarfe idan an yanke shi.
2. Yawa: Barium yana da ɗan ƙaramin girma na kusan 3.5 g/cm³. Yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan karafa a duniya.
3. Narkewar da wuraren tafasawa: Wurin narkewar barium yana da kusan 727 ° C kuma wurin tafasa yana kusan 1897 ° C.
4. Hardness: Barium karfe ne mai laushi mai laushi tare da taurin Mohs na kusan 1.25 a digiri 20 na Celsius.
5. Conductivity: Barium shine mai sarrafa wutar lantarki mai kyau tare da babban ƙarfin lantarki.
6. Ductility: Ko da yake barium ƙarfe ne mai laushi, yana da ƙayyadaddun nau'i na ductility kuma ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar sirara ko wayoyi.
7. Ayyukan sinadarai: Barium baya mayar da martani da ƙarfi tare da mafi yawan marasa ƙarfe da ƙarfe da yawa a cikin zafin jiki, amma yana haifar da oxides a yanayin zafi da iska. Yana iya samar da mahadi tare da abubuwa da yawa marasa ƙarfe, kamar oxides, sulfides, da sauransu.
8. Siffofin wanzuwa: Ma'adanai masu ɗauke da barium a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, irin su barite (barium sulfate) da sauransu.
9. Radiactivity: Barium yana da isotopes iri-iri na rediyoaktif, daga cikinsu barium-133 isotope ne na yau da kullun na rediyo da ake amfani da su a cikin hoto na likitanci da aikace-aikacen magungunan nukiliya.
10. Aikace-aikace: Ana amfani da mahadi na Barium a masana'antu, kamar gilashi, roba, masana'antar sinadarai, tubes na lantarki, da dai sauransu. Ana amfani da sulfate sau da yawa a matsayin wakili mai bambanta a cikin binciken likita.Barium wani muhimmin ƙarfe ne mai mahimmanci, kuma kadarorinsa sun sa shi yadu amfani da shi a fannoni da yawa.
3. Chemical Properties na barium
Ƙarfe Properties: Barium wani ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi tare da siffa mai launin azurfa-fari da kuma kyakkyawan halayen lantarki.
Matsakaicin yawa da narkewa: Barium wani sinadari ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano tare da girman 3.51 g/cm3. Barium yana da ƙarancin narkewa na kusan digiri 727 Celsius (digiri 1341 Fahrenheit).
Reactivity: Barium yana amsawa da sauri tare da yawancin abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba, musamman tare da halogens (kamar chlorine da bromine), suna samar da mahaɗan barium daidai. Misali, barium yana amsawa da chlorine don samar da barium chloride.
Oxidizability: Barium na iya zama oxidized don samar da barium oxide. Barium oxide ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antu kamar narke ƙarfe da yin gilashi. Babban aiki: Barium yana da babban aikin sinadarai kuma cikin sauƙin amsawa da ruwa don sakin hydrogen da samar da barium hydroxide.
4. Halittu Properties na barium
The rawa da nazarin halittu Properties nabariuma cikin kwayoyin halitta ba a fahimta sosai ba, amma an san cewa barium yana da wasu guba ga kwayoyin halitta.
Hanyar shiga: Mutane galibi suna cin barium ta abinci da ruwan sha. Wasu abinci na iya ƙunshi adadin barium, kamar hatsi, nama, da kayayyakin kiwo. Bugu da kari, ruwan karkashin kasa wani lokacin yana dauke da mafi yawan adadin barium.
Shayewar Halittu da Metabolism: Barium na iya shanye ta kwayoyin halitta kuma a rarraba a cikin jiki ta hanyar kewaya jini. Barium yakan taru a cikin koda da kasusuwa, musamman ma a cikin mafi yawan adadin kashi.
Ayyukan Halittu: Har yanzu ba a gano Barium yana da wasu muhimman ayyuka na physiological a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba. Saboda haka, aikin nazarin halittu na barium ya kasance mai rikitarwa.
5. Halittu Properties na barium
Guba: Yawan adadin barium ions ko mahadi na barium suna da guba ga jikin ɗan adam. Yawan shan barium zai iya haifar da alamun guba mai tsanani, ciki har da amai, gudawa, raunin tsoka, arrhythmia, da dai sauransu. Guba mai tsanani na iya haifar da lalacewar tsarin juyayi, lalacewar koda da matsalolin zuciya.
Tarin kashi: Barium na iya taruwa a cikin kasusuwa a jikin mutum, musamman ma a cikin tsofaffi. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo ga yawan adadin barium na iya haifar da cututtuka na kashi kamar osteoporosis.
Hanyoyin cututtukan zuciya: Barium, kamar sodium, na iya tsoma baki tare da ma'auni na ion da aikin lantarki, yana shafar aikin zuciya. Yawan shan barium na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mara kyau kuma yana ƙara haɗarin bugun zuciya.
Carcinogenicity: Ko da yake har yanzu akwai jayayya game da carcinogenicity na barium, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa tsawon lokaci mai yawa ga yawan barium na iya kara haɗarin wasu cututtuka, kamar ciwon daji na ciki da kuma ciwon daji na esophageal. Saboda dafi da yuwuwar haɗarin barium, ya kamata mutane su yi taka tsantsan don guje wa wuce gona da iri ko ɗaukar dogon lokaci zuwa yawan adadin barium. Yakamata a sanya ido a kuma kula da yawan adadin Barium a cikin ruwan sha da abinci don kare lafiyar ɗan adam. Idan kuna zargin guba ko kuna da alamun alaƙa, da fatan za a nemi kulawar likita nan da nan.
6. Barium a yanayi
Ma'adinan Barium: Barium na iya kasancewa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa a cikin nau'in ma'adanai. Wasu ma'adanai na barium gama gari sun haɗa da barite da bushewa. Wadannan ma'adanai sukan faru tare da wasu ma'adanai, irin su gubar, zinc, da azurfa.
Narkar da shi a cikin Ruwan ƙasa da Duwatsu: Barium na iya kasancewa a cikin ruwan ƙasa da duwatsu a cikin narkar da yanayin. Ruwan cikin ƙasa ya ƙunshi adadin narkar da barium, kuma maida hankalinsa ya dogara da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sinadarai na jikin ruwa. Barium salts: Barium na iya samar da gishiri daban-daban, kamar barium chloride, barium nitrate da barium carbonate. Wadannan mahadi na iya zama a cikin yanayi a matsayin ma'adanai na halitta.
Abun ciki a cikin ƙasa:Bariumna iya wanzuwa a cikin ƙasa ta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu suna fitowa daga rushewar ƙwayoyin ma'adinai ko duwatsu. Abubuwan da ke cikin barium a cikin ƙasa yawanci ƙasa ne, amma ana iya samun yawan adadin barium a wasu takamaiman wurare.
Ya kamata a lura cewa nau'i da abun ciki na barium na iya bambanta a wurare da yankuna daban-daban na geological, don haka ana buƙatar yin la'akari da takamaiman yanayi da yanayin ƙasa lokacin da ake tattaunawa akan barium.
7. Barium ma'adinai da samarwa
Tsarin hakar ma'adinai da shirye-shiryen barium yawanci ya haɗa da matakai masu zuwa:
1. Haƙar ma'adinai na barium: Babban ma'adinan barium shine barite, wanda kuma aka sani da barium sulfate. Yawancin lokaci ana samunsa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa kuma yana yaduwa a cikin duwatsu da ma'adinan ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa. Haƙar ma'adinai yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai kamar fashewa, hako ma'adinai, murƙushewa da ƙididdige ma'adinai don samun ma'adanai masu ɗauke da barium sulfate.
2. Shiri na mai da hankali: Cire barium daga barium tama yana buƙatar kulawa da tama. Shirye-shiryen tattara hankali yawanci ya haɗa da zaɓin hannu da matakan hawan ruwa don cire ƙazanta da samun tama mai ɗauke da fiye da 96% barium sulfate.
3. Shiri na barium sulfate: An ƙaddamar da hankali ga matakai irin su baƙin ƙarfe da cire silicon don a ƙarshe samun barium sulfate (BaSO4).
4. Shiri barium sulfide: Domin shirya barium daga barium sulfate, barium sulfate yana buƙatar canza shi zuwa barium sulfide, wanda aka sani da black ash. Barium sulfate ore foda tare da barbashi girman kasa da 20 raga yawanci ana haɗe shi da kwal ko man coke foda a cikin nauyin rabo na 4:1. Ana gasasshen cakuda a 1100 ℃ a cikin tanderun wuta, kuma an rage barium sulfate zuwa barium sulfide.
5. Narkar da barium sulfide: Ana iya samun maganin barium sulfide na barium sulfate ta hanyar ruwan zafi.
6. Shirye-shiryen barium oxide: Domin canza barium sulfide zuwa barium oxide, sodium carbonate ko carbon dioxide yawanci ana ƙarawa zuwa maganin barium sulfide. Bayan hada barium carbonate da carbon foda, calcination a sama da 800 ℃ na iya samar da barium oxide.
7. Cooling da sarrafa: Ya kamata a lura cewa barium oxide ne oxidized don samar da barium peroxide a 500-700 ℃, kuma barium peroxide za a iya bazu don samar da barium oxide a 700-800 ℃. Don guje wa samar da barium peroxide, samfurin calcined yana buƙatar sanyaya ko kashe shi a ƙarƙashin kariyar iskar gas.
Abin da ke sama shine gabaɗayan hakar ma'adinai da tsarin shirye-shiryen barium element. Waɗannan matakai na iya bambanta dangane da tsarin masana'antu da kayan aiki, amma gabaɗayan ƙa'idodin sun kasance iri ɗaya. Barium wani muhimmin ƙarfe ne na masana'antu da ake amfani da shi a fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da masana'antar sinadarai, magunguna, kayan lantarki da sauran fannoni.
8. Hanyoyin gano gama gari don sinadarin barium
Bariumwani abu ne na gama-gari wanda aka fi amfani dashi a aikace-aikacen masana'antu da kimiyya daban-daban. A cikin sinadarai na nazari, hanyoyin gano barium yawanci sun haɗa da bincike mai inganci da ƙididdigar ƙima. Mai zuwa shine cikakken gabatarwa ga hanyoyin gano abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su don sinadarin barium:
1. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS): Wannan hanya ce ta ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa da aka saba amfani da ita wacce ta dace da samfurori tare da mafi girma. Ana fesa maganin samfurin a cikin harshen wuta, kuma atom ɗin barium suna ɗaukar haske na takamaiman tsayin tsayi. Ana auna ƙarfin hasken da aka ɗauka kuma yayi daidai da ƙaddamarwar barium.
2. Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES): Wannan hanyar tana gano barium ta hanyar fesa maganin samfurin a cikin harshen wuta, yana da daɗi da barium atom don fitar da haske na takamaiman tsawon zango. Idan aka kwatanta da FAAS, FAES ana amfani da su gabaɗaya don gano ƙananan adadin barium.
3. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Wannan hanyar tana kama da FAAS, amma tana amfani da na'urar sikeli don gano kasancewar barium. Ana iya amfani da shi don auna adadin barium.
4. Ion Chromatography: Wannan hanya ta dace da nazarin barium a cikin samfurori na ruwa. An ware ions na Barium kuma an gano su ta ion chromatography. Ana iya amfani da shi don auna ma'auni na barium a cikin samfuran ruwa.
5. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): Wannan hanya ce ta nazari mara lalacewa wacce ta dace da gano barium a cikin samfurori masu ƙarfi. Bayan samfurin yana jin daɗin hasken X-ray, ƙwayoyin barium suna fitar da takamaiman haske, kuma abun ciki na barium yana ƙaddara ta hanyar auna ƙarfin haske.
6. Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry za a iya amfani da shi don tantance abubuwan da ke tattare da isotopic na barium da sanin abin da ke cikin barium. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da wannan hanyar don nazarin hankali mai zurfi kuma yana iya gano ƙananan adadin barium. A sama akwai wasu hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su don gano barium. Ƙayyadaddun hanyar da za a zaɓa ya dogara da yanayin samfurin, ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da barium, da manufar bincike. Idan kuna buƙatar ƙarin bayani ko kuna da wasu tambayoyi, da fatan za ku ji daɗin sanar da ni. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sosai a cikin ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da aikace-aikacen masana'antu don auna daidai da dogaro da kuma gano kasancewar da tattarawar barium. Ƙayyadadden hanyar da za a yi amfani da shi ya dogara da nau'in samfurin da ake buƙatar aunawa, kewayon abun ciki na barium, da takamaiman dalilin bincike.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-09-2024