1. Gabatarwa ta asali
Sunan Sinanci:Barium, Turanci sunan:Barium, alamar kashiBa, atomic lamba 56 a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur, shi ne wani rukuni na IIA alkaline ƙasa karfe kashi da yawa na 3.51 g/cubic centimita, wani narkewa batu na 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), da wani tafasar batu na 1870 ° C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). Barium ƙarfe ne na ƙasa na alkaline tare da farin farin azurfa, tare da launin harshen wuta na launin rawaya, mai laushi, da ductile.Bariumyana da kaddarorin sinadarai masu aiki sosai kuma yana iya amsawa tare da yawancin marasa ƙarfe.Bariumba a taɓa samun abu ɗaya a cikin yanayi ba.Bariumgishiri yana da guba sai daibariumsulfate. Bugu da kari,karfe bariumyana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kuma yana iya rage yawancin ƙarfe oxides, halides, da sulfides don samun daidaitattun ƙarfe. Abun ciki nabariuma cikin ɓawon burodi shine 0.05%, kuma mafi yawan ma'adanai a cikin yanayi sune barite (bariumsulfate) da bushewa (bariumcarbonate). Ana amfani da Barium sosai a fannoni kamar kayan lantarki, yumbu, magunguna, da man fetur.
2. GanowarBariumda kuma matsayin ci gaban kasar SinBariumMasana'antu
1. Takaitaccen tarihin gano nabarium
Sulfides na ƙasan ƙasa na alkaline suna nuna phosphorescence, ma'ana suna ci gaba da fitar da haske a cikin duhu na ɗan lokaci bayan an fallasa su ga haske. Yana da daidai saboda wannan siffa cewabariummahadi sun fara karbar kulawa.
A shekara ta 1602, V. Casiorolus, mai yin takalma a Bologna, Italiya, ya gano cewa wani barite da ke ɗauke da shi.bariumSulfate yana fitar da haske a cikin duhu bayan gasa shi da abubuwa masu ƙonewa. Wannan al'amari ya tayar da sha'awar masana kimiyyar Turai. A shekara ta 1774, CW Scheele masanin kimiyar Sweden ya gano wani sabon sinadari a cikin barite, amma ya kasa raba shi, sai dai oxide na wannan sinadari. A cikin 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn ya ware wannan oxide a cikin irin wannan binciken. An fara kiran Baryta a matsayin barote ta Guyton de Morveau, daga baya kuma Antoine Lavoisier ya sake masa suna baryta (ƙasa mai nauyi). A cikin 1808, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Birtaniya Humphry Davy ya yi amfani da mercury a matsayin cathode, platinum a matsayin anode, da electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) don samarwa.bariumal'umma. Bayan distillation don cire mercury, an samo wani ƙarfe mai ƙarancin tsabta da kuma sunabarium.
Aikace-aikacen masana'antu kuma suna da tarihin sama da shekaru ɗari
Tun a tsakiyar karni na 19, mutane sun fara amfani da barite (wani muhimmin ma'adinai don samarwabariumkumabariummahadi) azaman filler don fenti. Tun daga wannan karni, barite ya zama babban albarkatun kasa don kera iri-iribariumdauke da kayayyakin sinadarai. Saboda gagarumin rabonsa, bargarin sinadarai, da rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa da acid, an yi amfani da barite azaman ma'auni mai nauyi ga laka mai hakowa da iskar gas tun farkon shekarun 1920.BariumAna amfani da sulfate a cikin samar da fararen fata kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman filler da mai launi don roba.
2. Halin da kasar Sin take cikibariummasana'antu
Na kowabariumgishiri sun hada dabariumsulfate,bariumnitrate, barium chloride,bariumcarbonate,bariumcyanide, da dai sauransu.BariumAna amfani da samfuran gishiri galibi a cikin masana'antar lantarki azaman ƙari don bututun hoton launi da kayan maganadisu.
A halin yanzu, kasar Sin ta zama kasa mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da kayayyakibariumgishiri. The duniya shekara-shekara samar iya aiki nabariumCarbonate yana da kusan ton 900000, wanda ke samar da kusan tan 700000, yayin da yawan abin da kasar Sin ke samarwa a duk shekara ya kai tan 700000, wanda ya kai tan 500000 a shekara, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 70% na duniya.bariumcarbonate iya aiki da fitarwa. China tabariumAn dade ana fitar da kayayyakin carbonate da yawa, kuma kasar Sin ta zama kasar da ta fi fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje.bariumabun ciki.
Matsalolin da Ci gaban ke fuskantaBariumMasana'antar Gishiri a kasar Sin
Ko da yake kasar Sin ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen wajebariumcarbonate, ba shi da karfi mai samar da barium carbonate. Na farko, akwai 'yan manyan-sikelinbariumKamfanonin samar da sinadarin carbonate a kasar Sin, kuma akwai kamfanoni kadan da suka sami babban rabo; Na biyu, kasar SinbariumKayayyakin carbonate suna da tsari guda ɗaya kuma basu da samfuran fasahar fasaha. Ko da yake wasu masana'antu a halin yanzu suna bincike da samar da tsabta mai tsabtabariumcarbonate, kwanciyar hankali ba shi da kyau. Don samfurori masu tsabta, Sin kuma tana buƙatar shigo da kayayyaki daga kamfanoni kamar Jamus, Italiya, da Japan. Bugu da kari, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu kasashe sun zama sabbin masu fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen wajebariumcarbonate, irin su Rasha, Brazil, Koriya ta Kudu, da Mexico, wanda ke haifar da wuce gona da iri a cikin kasa da kasabariumKasuwar carbonate, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga kasar Sinbariummasana'antar carbonate. Masu masana'anta suna shirye su rage farashin don tsira. A sa'i daya kuma, kamfanonin fitar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin suma suna fuskantar binciken hana zubar da ciki daga ketare. Tare da ci gaba da inganta bukatun kare muhalli, wasubariumKamfanonin samar da gishiri a kasar Sin su ma suna fuskantar matsalar kare muhalli. Domin inganta ci gaban kasar Sinbariummasana'antar gishiri,bariumYa kamata kamfanonin samar da gishiri a kasar Sin su dauki kariyar muhalli da kiyaye muhalli a matsayin tushe, ci gaba da yin bincike da gabatar da fasahohin zamani, da samar da sabbin kayayyaki wadanda suka dace da bukatun zamani da kuma abubuwan da suka dace da fasaha.
Bayanai na samarwa da fitarwa na Barite a China
Bisa kididdigar da hukumar nazarin yanayin kasa ta Amurka ta fitar, an ce, yawan sinadarin barite a kasar Sin ya kai kimanin tan miliyan 41 a shekarar 2014. Bisa kididdigar kwastam ta kasar Sin, daga watan Janairu zuwa Disamba na shekarar 2014, kasar Sin ta fitar da kilogiram 92588597 zuwa kasashen waje.bariumSulfate ya karu da kashi 0.18 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata. Jimlar darajar fitar da kayayyaki ta kai dalar Amurka 65496598, wanda ya karu da kashi 20.99% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata. Farashin naúrar fitar da kayayyaki ya kai dalar Amurka 0.71 a kowace kilogiram, adadin da ya karu da dalar Amurka 0.12 akan kowace kilogiram idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata. Daga cikin su, a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2014, kasar Sin ta fitar da kilogiram 8768648 zuwa kasashen wajebariumSulfate ya karu da kashi 8.19 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata. Adadin da aka fitar ya kai dalar Amurka 8385141, wanda ya karu da kashi 5.1% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata.
Bisa bayanan kwastam na kasar Sin, a watan Yunin shekarar 2015, kasar Sin ta fitar da tan 170000 zuwa kasashen waje.bariumSulfate, raguwar 1.7% idan aka kwatanta da daidai lokacin bara; A farkon rabin shekarar, yawan adadin fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje ya kai tan miliyan 1.12, raguwar kashi 6.8% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata; Adadin fitar da kayayyaki iri daya ya ragu da kashi 5.4% da kashi 9% idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata.
3. Rarrabawa da Samar da Albarkatun Barium (Barite).
1. Rarraba albarkatun barium
Abun ciki nabariuma cikin ɓawon burodi shine 0.05%, matsayi na 14th. Babban ma'adanai a cikin yanayi shine barite (bariumsulfate BaSO4)bariumcarbonate BaCO3). Daga cikin su, barite shine mafi yawan ma'adinai na barium, wanda ya ƙunshibariumsulfate kuma yana faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin hydrothermal masu zafi, irin su quartz barite veins, fluorite barite veins, da dai sauransu. Toxicite wani babban abu ne.bariumdauke da ma'adinai a yanayi, ban da barite, kuma babban bangarensa shinebariumabun ciki.
Bisa kididdigar da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka ta yi a shekarar 2015, albarkatun barite na duniya sun kai kusan tan biliyan 2, wanda aka tabbatar da tan miliyan 740. Abubuwan ajiyar barite na duniya sun kai tan miliyan 350. Kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi yawan albarkatun barite. Sauran kasashen da ke da albarkatun barite sun hada da Kazakhstan, Turkiye, Indiya, Thailand, Amurka da Mexico. Shahararrun tushen barite a duniya sun hada da Westman Land a Birtaniya, Felsbonne a Romania, Saxony a Jamus, Tianzhu a Guizhou, Heifenggou a Gansu, Gongxi a Hunan, Liulin a Hubei, Xiangzhou a Guangxi, da Shuiping a Shaanxi.
Bisa kididdigar da hukumar nazarin yanayin kasa ta Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2015, yawan sinadarin barite a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 9.23 a shekarar 2013, kuma ya karu zuwa tan miliyan 9.26 a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2014, kasar Sin ta kasance kasar da ta fi samar da barite, inda ta samar da tan miliyan 4.1. , lissafin kusan kashi 44.3% na yawan samar da duniya. Indiya, Maroko, da Amurka suna matsayi na biyu, na uku, da na huɗu, tare da samar da tan miliyan 1.6, tan miliyan 1, da tan 720000.
2. RarrabaBariumAlbarkatu a kasar Sin
Kasar Sin tana da arziki a cikibariumalbarkatun tama, tare da jimillar ajiyar sama da tan biliyan 1. Bugu da ƙari, darajar barium taman yana da girma sosai, kuma ajiyarta da samar da ita a halin yanzu suna matsayi na farko a duniya. Mafi na kowabariumdauke da ma'adinai a cikin yanayi ne barite. Adadin barite a duniya ya kai ton miliyan 350, yayin da ajiyar barite a kasar Sin ya kai tan miliyan 100, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 29% na adadin ajiyar duniya da ke matsayi na daya a duniya.
Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a cikin "binciken manyan wuraren da ake tattara ma'adinai da kuma albarkatun da ake iya samu na ma'adinan Barite na kasar Sin" (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), kasar Sin tana da arzikin albarkatun barite, wanda aka rarraba a larduna 24 a fadin kasar, tare da tanadi da kuma matsayin samar da kayayyaki. na farko a duniya. Akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinai 195 da aka tabbatar da su a kasar Sin, tare da adadin albarkatun taman da ya kai tan miliyan 390. Daga lardi (yanki) rabon barite, lardin Guizhou ya fi yawan ma'adinan barite, wanda ya kai kashi 34% na jimillar ajiyar kasar; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi da sauran larduna (yankuna) sun kasance a matsayi na biyu. Larduna biyar da ke sama suna da kashi 80% na asusun ajiyar ƙasa. Nau'in ajiya na musamman na sedimentary ne, yana lissafin kashi 60% na jimlar ajiyar kuɗi. Bugu da kari, akwai kuma nau'ikan sarrafa Layer (endogenetic), sedimentary volcanic, hydrothermal, da weathered (saura gangara). Lokacin ma'adinai ya kasance a cikin zamanin Paleozoic, kuma an kafa ma'adinan barite a lokutan Sinian da Mesozoic Cenozoic.
Halayen albarkatun ma'adinai na Barite a kasar Sin
Ta fuskar adadi mai yawa, ma'adinan barite a kasar Sin ana rarraba su ne a yankin tsakiya; Dangane da maki, kusan dukkan ma'adanai masu wadata sun fi mayar da hankali ne a Guizhou da Guangxi; Ta fuskar ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'adinan tama, adadin barite na kasar Sin ya fi girma da matsakaicin girma. Yankunan hakar ma'adinai guda biyu na Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian da Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi ne kadai ke da fiye da rabin adadin da ake samu a wadannan yankuna. Sau da yawa, nau'in barite guda ɗaya shine babban nau'in ma'adinan ma'adinai, kuma ma'adinan ma'adinai da sinadarai suna da sauƙi kuma mai tsabta, kamar Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite mine. Bugu da kari, akwai kuma babban tanadi na co da ma'adanai masu alaƙa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su gabaɗaya.
4. Production tsari na barium
1. Shiri nabarium
Samar da barium na ƙarfe a cikin masana'antu ya haɗa da matakai biyu: samar da barium oxide da samar da barium na ƙarfe ta hanyar rage zafi na karfe (rage aluminothermic).
(1) Shiri nabariumoxide
Babban ingancin takin barite na farko yana buƙatar zaɓi na hannu da ruwa, sannan a cire baƙin ƙarfe da cire silicon don samun abin da ya ƙunshi fiye da 96%bariumsulfate. Mix ma'adinai foda tare da barbashi girman kasa da 20 raga da gawayi ko man fetur coke foda a cikin wani nauyi rabo na 4:1, da calcine a 1100 ℃ a reverberatory tanderu.BariumSulfate yana raguwa zuwa barium sulfide (wanda aka fi sani da "black ash"), wanda aka zubar da ruwan zafi don samun maganin barium sulfide. Don canza barium sulfide zuwa hazo barium carbonate, wajibi ne a ƙara sodium carbonate ko gabatar da carbon dioxide a cikin barium sulfide ruwa bayani. Mix barium carbonate da carbon foda da calcine a sama da 800 ℃ don samun barium oxide. Ya kamata a lura cewa barium oxide oxidizes don samar da barium peroxide a 500-700 ℃, kuma barium peroxide na iya bazuwa ya samar.bariumoxide a 700-800 ℃. Don haka, don guje wa samar da barium peroxide, samfuran da aka ƙera suna buƙatar sanyaya ko kashe su ƙarƙashin kariyar iskar gas.
(2) Samuwarkarfe bariumta hanyar rage aluminothermic
Akwai biyu halayen ga aluminum rage nabariumoxide saboda daban-daban sinadaran:
6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
Ko: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
A yanayin zafi daga 1000 zuwa 1200 ℃, waɗannan halayen biyu suna haifar da kaɗan.barium, don haka wajibi ne a yi amfani da famfo don ci gaba da canja wuribariumtururi daga yankin amsawa zuwa yankin naɗaɗɗen ruwa domin abin ya ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa dama. Ragowar bayan abin yana da guba kuma za'a iya watsar da shi kawai bayan magani.
2. Shiri na gama gari na barium
(1) Hanyar shiri nabariumabun ciki
① Hanyar Carbonization
Hanyar carbonization galibi ta ƙunshi hada barite da gawayi a wani yanki, murkushe su cikin tanderun rotary, da gasa su da rage su a 1100-1200 ℃ don samun narke barium sulfide. Ana shigar da carbon dioxide a cikinbariumSulfide bayani don carbonization, da kuma samubariumcarbonate slurry ne hõre desulfurization wanka da injin tacewa. Sa'an nan, an bushe da kuma niƙa a 300 ℃ don samun gama barium carbonate samfurin. Yawancin masana'antun sun karɓi wannan hanyar saboda sauƙin tsari da ƙarancin farashi.
② Hanyar lalata mai rikitarwa
Samfurin ƙarshe nabariumAna iya samun carbonate ta hanyar halayen bazuwar sau biyu tsakanin barium sulfide da ammonium carbonate, ko ta hanyar amsawa tsakanin barium chloride da potassium carbonate. Sa'an nan kuma a wanke samfurin da aka samu, a tace, bushe, da dai sauransu.
③ Dokokin Nauyin Man Fetur
Ana amsa foda mai nauyi mai guba da gishiri ammonium don samar da mai narkewabariumgishiri, da ammonium carbonate ana sake yin amfani da su. Mai narkewabariumAna ƙara gishiri a cikin ammonium carbonate don haɓaka ingantaccen barium carbonate, wanda aka tace kuma a bushe don samar da kayan da aka gama. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya sake yin amfani da giya na mahaifiyar da aka samu kuma a sake amfani da ita.
(2) Hanyar shiri nabariumtitanate
① Hanya mai ƙarfi
Bariumtitanate za a iya shirya ta calciningbariumcarbonate da titanium dioxide, wanda za a iya doped tare da wani abu.
② Hanyar hazo
Narkar dabariumchloride da titanium tetrachloride a cikin cakuda daidaitattun abubuwa, zafi zuwa 70 ° C, sa'an nan kuma sauke oxalic acid don samun hazo na hydrated.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. A wanke, bushe, sannan pyrolysis don samun barium titanate.
(3) Hanyar shiri nabariumchloride
Tsarin samarwa nabariumchloride yafi hada da hanyar hydrochloric acid,bariumHanyar carbonate, hanyar calcium chloride, da hanyar magnesium chloride bisa ga hanyoyi daban-daban ko albarkatun kasa.
① Hanyar hydrochloric acid.
②Bariumhanyar carbonate. Anyi daga dutsen da aka bushe (barium carbonate) azaman albarkatun ƙasa.
③ Hanyar Calcium chloride. Rage cakuda barite da calcium chloride tare da carbon.
Bugu da kari, akwai hanyar magnesium chloride. An shirya ta hanyar maganibariumSulfide tare da magnesium chloride.
Lokacin aikawa: Nov-01-2023