Ytterbium: lambar atomic 70, atomic nauyi 173.04, nau'in sunan da aka samo daga wurin gano shi. Abubuwan da ke cikin ytterbium a cikin ɓawon burodi shine 0.000266%, galibi ana samuwa a cikin phosphorite da baƙaƙen ma'aunin zinare. Abubuwan da ke cikin monazite shine 0.03%, kuma akwai isotopes na halitta guda 7
An gano
By: Marinak
Lokacin: 1878
Wuri: Switzerland
A cikin 1878, masana chemist na Swiss Jean Charles da G Margnac sun gano wani sabon nau'in ƙasa mai wuya a cikin "erbium". A cikin 1907, Ulban da Weils sun nuna cewa Marignac ya raba cakuda lutium oxide da ytterbium oxide. Don tunawa da ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna Yteerby kusa da Stockholm, inda aka gano ma'adinan yttrium, wannan sabon sinadari ana kiransa Ytterbium mai alamar Yb.
Tsarin lantarki
Tsarin lantarki
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Karfe
Metallic ytterbium yana da launin toka na azurfa, ductile, kuma yana da laushi mai laushi. A cikin zafin jiki, ytterbium na iya zama sannu a hankali ta hanyar iska da ruwa.
Akwai nau'i-nau'i biyu na crystal: α- Nau'in shine tsarin tsakiya mai siffar cubic crystal (zafin daki -798 ℃); β- Nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i ne mai siffar siffar jiki (sama da 798 ℃). Matsayin narkewa 824 ℃, wurin tafasa 1427 ℃, ƙarancin dangi 6.977 (α- Nau'in), 6.54 ( β- Nau'in).
Mai narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi, mai narkewa a cikin acid da ruwa ammonia. Yana da kwanciyar hankali a cikin iska. Mai kama da samarium da europium, ytterbium na cikin ma'aunin valence rare earth, kuma yana iya kasancewa cikin yanayi mai ma'ana mai kyau ban da kasancewa mai mahimmanci.
Saboda wannan sifar valence mai canzawa, shirye-shiryen ytterbium na ƙarfe bai kamata a yi shi ta hanyar lantarki ba, amma ta hanyar rage distillation don shiri da tsarkakewa. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da ƙarfe na lanthanum azaman wakili mai ragewa don rage distillation, ta yin amfani da bambanci tsakanin babban matsa lamba na ƙarfe na ytterbium da ƙananan tururi na lanthanum karfe. A madadin,thulium, ytterbium, kumaLutiumza a iya amfani da hankali a matsayin albarkatun kasa, dakarfe lanthanumana iya amfani dashi azaman wakili mai ragewa. A karkashin yanayin zafi mai zafi na> 1100 ℃ da <0.133Pa, ana iya fitar da ytterbium karfe kai tsaye ta hanyar rage distillation. Kamar samarium da europium, ytterbium kuma za'a iya raba shi kuma a tsarkake shi ta hanyar rage rigar. Yawancin lokaci, thulium, ytterbium, da lutium concentrates ana amfani da su azaman albarkatun ƙasa. Bayan rushewa, ytterbium yana raguwa zuwa wani yanayi mai ban mamaki, yana haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin kaddarorin, sa'an nan kuma ya rabu da sauran ƙananan ƙananan ƙasa. Samar da babban-tsarkiytterbium oxideyawanci ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar cire chromatography ko hanyar musayar ion.
Aikace-aikace
An yi amfani da shi don kera gami na musamman. An yi amfani da alluran Ytterbium a cikin maganin haƙori don gwajin ƙarfe da gwaje-gwajen sinadarai.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ytterbium ya fito kuma yana haɓaka cikin sauri a fagen sadarwar fiber optic da fasahar laser.
Tare da ginawa da haɓaka "hanyar bayanai", hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta da tsarin watsa fiber na gani mai nisa suna da ƙarin buƙatu masu girma don aiwatar da kayan fiber na gani da aka yi amfani da su a cikin sadarwar gani. Ytterbium ions, saboda kyawawan kaddarorin su, ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan haɓaka fiber don sadarwar gani, kamar erbium da thulium. Kodayake erbium mai ƙarancin ƙasa har yanzu shine babban ɗan wasa a cikin shirye-shiryen amplifiers na fiber, filayen erbium-doped quartz na al'ada suna da ɗan ƙaramin fa'ida (30nm), yana da wahala a cika buƙatun watsa bayanai mai sauri da ƙarfi. Yb3+ions suna da babban ɓangaren juzu'i fiye da Er3+ions a kusa da 980nm. Ta hanyar tasirin tasirin Yb3 + da kuma canjin makamashi na erbium da ytterbium, ana iya haɓaka hasken 1530nm sosai, ta haka yana haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar hasken.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, erbium ytterbium co doped gilashin phosphate yana ƙara samun tagomashi daga masu bincike. Gilashin phosphate da fluorophosphate suna da kyawawan sinadarai da kwanciyar hankali na thermal, kazalika da watsawar infrared mai faɗi da manyan halayen faɗaɗawa marasa daidaituwa, suna sanya su kayan aiki masu kyau don faɗaɗawa da babban riba erbium-doped ƙara gilashin fiber. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers na iya cimma ƙarfin haɓakawa da ƙaramar siginar siginar, yana sa su dace da filayen kamar na'urorin firikwensin fiber optic, sadarwar sararin samaniya kyauta, da ƙara ƙarfin bugun jini. A halin yanzu kasar Sin ta gina babbar hanyar sadarwa daya tilo a duniya, da tsarin watsa na'urorin sadarwa mafi sauri, kuma tana da babbar hanyar bayanai mafi fadi a duniya. Ytterbium doped da sauran ƙarancin ƙasa doped fiber amplifiers da Laser kayan taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin su.
Hakanan ana amfani da sifofin spectral na ytterbium azaman kayan laser masu inganci, duka azaman lu'ulu'u na laser, gilashin Laser, da Laser fiber. A matsayin babban kayan laser mai ƙarfi, ytterbium doped laser lu'ulu'u sun samar da babban jerin abubuwa, gami da ytterbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, da silicate. Semiconductor Laser (LD) sabon nau'in tushen famfo ne don ingantattun lasers. Yb: YAG yana da halaye masu yawa da suka dace da yin famfo LD mai ƙarfi kuma ya zama kayan laser don yin famfo LD mai ƙarfi. Yb: Za a iya amfani da lu'ulu'u na S-FAP azaman kayan laser don haɗakar makaman nukiliya a nan gaba, wanda ya ja hankalin mutane. A cikin lu'ulu'u na Laser mai kunnawa, akwai chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) tare da tsayin raƙuman ruwa daga 2.84 zuwa 3.05 μ Ci gaba da daidaitawa tsakanin m. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, yawancin infrared warheads da ake amfani da su a cikin makamai masu linzami a duniya suna amfani da 3-5 μ Saboda haka, ci gaban Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG Laser na iya samar da tsangwama mai tasiri ga tsakiyar infrared shiryar da makamai countermeasures, kuma yana da muhimmanci soja muhimmanci. Kasar Sin ta cimma jerin sabbin sakamako tare da matakin ci gaba na kasa da kasa a fannin ytterbium doped Laser lu'ulu'u (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, da dai sauransu), warware manyan fasahohin irin su ci gaban kristal da saurin Laser, bugun bugun jini, ci gaba, kuma daidaitacce fitarwa. An yi amfani da sakamakon binciken a cikin tsaron ƙasa, masana'antu, da injiniyan kimiyya, kuma an fitar da samfuran ytterbium doped crystal zuwa ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa kamar Amurka da Japan.
Wani babban nau'in kayan laser na ytterbium shine gilashin Laser. An samar da gilashin Laser daban-daban masu fitar da hayaki mai yawa, gami da germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, da phosphate. Saboda sauƙin gyare-gyaren gilashi, ana iya yin shi cikin manyan masu girma dabam kuma yana da halaye irin su watsawar haske mai girma da kuma daidaitattun daidaituwa, yana sa ya yiwu a samar da manyan lasers. Gilashin Laser da ba kasafai aka saba amfani da shi ba ya zama gilashin neodymium, wanda ke da tarihin ci gaban sama da shekaru 40 da balagaggen samarwa da fasahar aikace-aikace. Koyaushe ya kasance abin da aka fi so don na'urorin Laser masu ƙarfi kuma an yi amfani dashi a cikin na'urorin gwaji na Fusion na nukiliya da makaman Laser. Na'urorin Laser masu karfin gaske da aka gina a kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da gilashin neodymium na Laser a matsayin babban matsakaicin Laser, sun kai matakin ci gaba a duniya. Amma gilashin neodymium Laser yanzu yana fuskantar ƙalubale mai ƙarfi daga gilashin Laser ytterbium.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa yawancin kaddarorin gilashin Laser ytterbium sun wuce na gilashin neodymium. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ytterbium doped luminescence kawai yana da matakan makamashi guda biyu, ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi yana da girma. A daidai wannan riba, gilashin ytterbium yana da ƙarfin ajiyar makamashi sau 16 fiye da gilashin neodymium, da kuma tsawon rayuwa mai haske sau 3 na gilashin neodymium. Hakanan yana da fa'idodi kamar babban maida hankali na doping, bandwidth mai ɗaukar nauyi, kuma ana iya yin famfo kai tsaye ta hanyar semiconductor, yana sa ya dace da manyan lasers. Koyaya, aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen gilashin Laser ytterbium sau da yawa ya dogara da taimakon neodymium, kamar yin amfani da Nd3+ azaman mai faɗakarwa don sanya gilashin Laser ytterbium yayi aiki a zazzabi na ɗaki kuma ana samun iskar Laser a tsayin m. Don haka, ytterbium da neodymium duka fafatawa ne da abokan haɗin gwiwa a fagen gilashin Laser.
Ta hanyar daidaita abun da ke cikin gilashin, ana iya haɓaka kaddarorin masu haske na gilashin Laser ytterbium. Tare da haɓaka laser mai ƙarfi a matsayin babban jagora, lasers da aka yi da gilashin Laser na ytterbium ana ƙara yin amfani da su sosai a masana'antar zamani, aikin gona, likitanci, binciken kimiyya, da aikace-aikacen soja.
Amfani da soji: Yin amfani da makamashin da ake samu ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar nukiliya kamar yadda makamashi ya kasance burin da ake sa ran a koyaushe, kuma cimma nasarar haɗakar makaman nukiliya zai zama muhimmiyar hanya ga bil'adama don magance matsalolin makamashi. Gilashin Laser doped Ytterbium yana zama kayan da aka fi so don samun haɓakar haɗin kai (ICF) a cikin ƙarni na 21st saboda kyakkyawan aikin laser.
Makamai na Laser na amfani da babban makamashi na katako na Laser don kai hari da lalata wuraren da ake hari, suna haifar da yanayin zafi na biliyoyin digiri Celsius kuma kai tsaye suna kai hari cikin saurin haske. Ana iya kiransu da Nadana kuma suna da babban kisa, musamman dacewa da tsarin makaman kariya na iska na zamani a cikin yaƙi. Kyakkyawan aikin gilashin Laser doped ytterbium ya sanya shi muhimmin abu na asali don kera manyan makamai masu ƙarfi da manyan ayyuka.
Fiber Laser sabon fasaha ne mai haɓaka cikin sauri kuma yana cikin fagen aikace-aikacen gilashin Laser. Fiber Laser Laser ne da ke amfani da fiber a matsayin matsakaicin Laser, wanda shine samfurin haɗin fiber da fasahar laser. Sabuwar fasaha ce ta Laser da aka haɓaka bisa tushen fasahar erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Laser fiber yana kunshe da diode diode na semiconductor azaman tushen famfo, jagorar igiyoyin fiber na gani da matsakaicin riba, da abubuwan gani kamar fibers grating da ma'aurata. Ba ya buƙatar gyare-gyaren inji na hanyar gani, kuma tsarin yana da sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi don haɗawa. Idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya m-jihar Laser da semiconductor Laser, shi yana da fasaha da kuma yi abũbuwan amfãni kamar high katako ingancin, mai kyau kwanciyar hankali, karfi juriya ga muhalli tsangwama, babu daidaitawa, babu goyon baya, da m tsarin. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ions da aka yi amfani da su sun fi Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, dukkansu suna amfani da fibers na duniya da ba su da yawa a matsayin samun kafofin watsa labaru, fiber Laser da kamfanin ya ƙera zai iya kuma. a kira da rare duniya fiber Laser.
Laser aikace-aikace: High iko ytterbium doped biyu sanye da fiber Laser ya zama wani zafi filin a m-jihar Laser fasahar a duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana da fa'idodin ingancin katako mai kyau, ƙaramin tsari, da ingantaccen juzu'i, kuma yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikace a cikin sarrafa masana'antu da sauran fannoni. Biyu sanye take da ytterbium doped zaruruwa sun dace da semiconductor Laser famfo, tare da babban hada biyu dace da kuma high Laser fitarwa ikon, kuma su ne babban ci gaban shugabanci na ytterbium doped zaruruwa. Fasahar fiber ytterbium na kasar Sin mai sanye da riguna biyu ba ta kai matsayi na gaba na kasashen waje ba. Fiber na ytterbium doped fiber, da ytterbium doped fiber, da erbium ytterbium co doped fiber da aka ƙera a China sun kai matakin ci gaba na samfuran ƙasashen waje iri ɗaya dangane da aiki da aminci, suna da fa'ida mai tsada, kuma suna da fasahar ƙira don samfura da hanyoyin da yawa. .
Shahararriyar kamfanin IPG na Jamus a duniya kwanan nan ya sanar da cewa sabon ƙaddamar da ytterbium doped fiber Laser tsarin yana da kyawawan halaye na katako, rayuwar famfo sama da sa'o'i 50000, matsakaicin iska mai tsayi na 1070nm-1080nm, da ikon fitarwa har zuwa 20KW. An yi amfani da shi a cikin kyakkyawan walda, yanke, da hakowa na dutse.
Laser kayan su ne ainihin da tushe don ci gaban fasahar Laser. Koyaushe akwai magana a cikin masana'antar laser cewa 'ƙarni na kayan aiki, ƙarni na na'urori'. Don haɓaka na'urorin Laser na ci gaba da aiki, dole ne a fara mallaki kayan aikin laser masu inganci da haɗa sauran fasahohin da suka dace. Ytterbium doped Laser lu'ulu'u da Laser gilashin, a matsayin sabon karfi na m Laser kayan, suna inganta m ci gaban fiber na gani sadarwa da Laser fasahar, musamman a yankan-baki Laser fasahar kamar high-ikon nukiliya Fusion Laser, high-makamashi doke. tile Laser, da kuma high-makamashi Laser makami.
Bugu da kari, ytterbium kuma ana amfani dashi azaman mai kunnawa foda mai walƙiya, yumbu na rediyo, ƙari don abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta na lantarki (kumfashin maganadisu), da ƙari na gilashin gani. Ya kamata a nuna cewa yttrium da yttrium duka abubuwa ne na duniya da ba kasafai ba. Ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin sunaye da alamomin Ingilishi, haruffan sautin sautin Sinanci suna da maƙala iri ɗaya. A wasu fassarorin Sinanci, yttrium wani lokacin kuskure ake kiransa yttrium. A wannan yanayin, muna buƙatar bibiyar rubutun asali kuma mu haɗa alamomin kashi don tabbatarwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-30-2023