Terbiumya kasance cikin nau'in ƙasa mai nauyi mara nauyi, tare da ƙarancin wadatar ƙasa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa a kawai 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxidelissafin ƙasa da 0.01% na jimlar ƙasan da ba kasafai ba. Ko da a cikin babban yttrium ion nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) tare da mafi girman abun ciki na terbium, abun ciki na terbium shine kawai 1.1-1.2% na jimlar.kasa kasa, yana nuna cewa yana cikin rukunin "mai daraja" nakasa kasaabubuwa. Sama da shekaru 100 tun lokacin da aka gano terbium a 1843, ƙarancinsa da ƙimarsa sun hana amfani da shi na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ne kawaiterbiumya nuna gwaninta na musamman.
Gano Tarihi
Masanin kimiyya dan kasar Sweden Carl Gustaf Mosander ya gano terbium a shekara ta 1843. Ya gano najasa ayttrium oxidekumaY2O3. YttriumAna kiran sunan ƙauyen Itby a Sweden. Kafin fitowar fasahar musayar ion, terbium ba a keɓe shi a cikin tsaftataccen tsari ba.
Mossander ya fara rabayttrium oxidezuwa kashi uku, duk suna da sunan ma'adinai:yttrium oxide, erbium oxide, kumaterbium oxide. Terbium oxideasali ya kunshi wani bangare ne na ruwan hoda, saboda sinadarin da ake kira yanzuerbium. Erbium oxide(ciki har da abin da muke kira yanzu terbium) asalin sashe ne marar launi a cikin bayani. Ana ɗaukar oxide mara narkewa na wannan kashi launin ruwan kasa.
Daga baya ma'aikata sun sami wahalar ganin 'yan ƙaramin launi "erbium oxide", amma ba za a iya watsi da ɓangaren ruwan hoda mai narkewa ba. Muhawarar samuwarerbium oxideya sake fitowa. A cikin hargitsin, asalin sunan ya koma kuma musayar suna ya makale, don haka a ƙarshe an ambaci ɓangaren ruwan hoda a matsayin mafita mai ɗauke da erbium (a cikin maganin, ruwan hoda ne). Yanzu an yi imani da cewa ma'aikatan da ke amfani da sodium disulfide ko potassium sulfate don cire cerium dioxide dagayttrium oxidejuya ba da gangan baterbiumcikin cerium dauke da hazo. A halin yanzu da aka sani da'terbium', kawai kusan 1% na asaliyttrium oxideyana nan, amma wannan ya isa ya watsa launin rawaya mai haske zuwayttrium oxide. Don haka,terbiumwani bangare ne na biyu wanda tun farko yake dauke da shi, kuma makwabtansa ne ke sarrafa shi.gadoliniumkumadysprosium.
Bayan haka, duk lokacin da saurankasa kasaAn rabu da abubuwa daga wannan cakuda, ba tare da la'akari da adadin oxide ba, sunan terbium ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshe, oxide mai launin ruwan kasa.terbiuman samu a cikin tsaftataccen tsari. Masu bincike a cikin karni na 19 ba su yi amfani da fasaha na ultraviolet fluorescence fasaha don lura da launin rawaya ko kore nodules (III), wanda ya sa ya fi sauƙi don gane terbium a cikin gauraye ko mafita.
Tsarin lantarki
Tsarin lantarki:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Tsarin lantarki naterbium[Xe] 6s24f9. A al'ada, electrons uku ne kawai za a iya cirewa kafin cajin nukiliya ya yi girma da yawa don a ƙara ion. Duk da haka, a cikin hali naterbium, Semi cikaterbiumyana ba da damar ƙarin ionization na electron na huɗu a gaban wani abu mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kamar iskar fluorine.
Karfe
Terbiumkarfe ne fari na azurfa wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba tare da ductility, tauri, da laushi wanda za'a iya yanka shi da wuka. Narke batu 1360 ℃, tafasar batu 3123 ℃, yawa 8229 4kg/m3. Idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan farko na lanthanide, yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a cikin iska. Kashi na tara na abubuwan lanthanide, terbium, wani ƙarfe ne mai cajin gaske wanda ke amsa ruwa don samar da iskar hydrogen.
A cikin dabi'a,terbiumBa a taɓa samun wani sinadari na kyauta ba, wanda ke cikin ƙananan adadi a cikin yashi na phosphorous cerium thorium da kuma silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumyana kasancewa tare da wasu abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya a cikin yashi monazite, tare da kusan 0.03% abun ciki na terbium. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da yttrium phosphate da zinariyar ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, dukkansu cakuduwar oxides ne mai ɗauke da har zuwa 1% terbium.
Aikace-aikace
Aikace-aikace naterbiumgalibi sun haɗa da manyan fasahohin fasaha, waɗanda ke da haɓakar fasahar fasaha da ƙwarewar manyan ayyuka, da kuma ayyukan da ke da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi masu mahimmanci, tare da kyakkyawan ci gaba.
Manyan wuraren aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da:
(1) An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar gauraye da ba kasafai ba. Misali, ana amfani da shi azaman takin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba da kuma ciyar da abinci don noma.
(2) Mai kunnawa don koren foda a cikin foda na farko na farko. Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. KumaterbiumAbu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingancin kore mai kyalli foda.
(3) Anyi amfani dashi azaman kayan ajiya na gani na gani na magneto. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami bakin bakin ciki fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto Tantancewar fayafai.
(4) Manufacturing magneto Tantancewar gilashin. Gilashin jujjuyawar Faraday mai ɗauke da terbium shine mabuɗin abu don kera masu jujjuyawa, masu keɓancewa, da masu zazzagewa a fasahar Laser.
(5) Haɓakawa da haɓakar terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ya buɗe sabbin aikace-aikace don terbium.
Domin noma da kiwo
Rare ƙasaterbiumzai iya inganta ingancin amfanin gona da kuma ƙara yawan adadin photosynthesis a cikin wani kewayon taro. Rukunin terbium suna da babban aikin nazarin halittu, da kuma rukunin ternary naterbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, suna da sakamako mai kyau na antibacterial da bactericidal akan Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, da Escherichia coli, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Nazarin waɗannan rukunin gidaje yana ba da sabon jagorar bincike don magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na zamani.
An yi amfani da shi a fagen luminescence
Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. Kuma terbium wani abu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingantattun foda na kore mai kyalli. Idan haihuwar kalar duniya da ba kasafai ba, jajayen foda mai kyalli ya tayar da bukataryttriumkumaeuropium, Sa'an nan aikace-aikace da ci gaban terbium an ciyar da rare duniya uku primary launi kore mai kyalli foda ga fitilu. A farkon 1980s, Philips ya ƙirƙira ƙaramin fitilar fitila mai ceton makamashi ta farko a duniya kuma cikin sauri ya haɓaka ta a duniya. Tb3+ions na iya fitar da haske koren haske tare da tsawon 545nm, kuma kusan dukkan nau'ikan foda mai kyalli na duniya da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba.terbium, a matsayin mai kunnawa.
The kore mai kyalli foda amfani da launi TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) ya ko da yaushe aka yafi dogara a kan arha da ingantaccen zinc sulfide, amma terbium foda an ko da yaushe ana amfani da tsinkaya launi TV kore foda, kamar Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, da LaOBr: Tb3+. Tare da haɓaka babban allon babban ma'anar telebijin (HDTV), ana kuma haɓaka babban aikin kore mai kyalli don CRTs. Misali, an samar da foda mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya ƙunshi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, da Y2SiO5: Tb3+, waɗanda ke da ingantaccen ingantaccen haske a babban yawa na yanzu.
X-ray fluorescent foda na gargajiya shine calcium tungstate. A cikin 1970s da 1980s, an ƙirƙiri foda mai ƙyalli na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba don wayar da kan allo, kamar su.terbium, kunna lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium kunna lanthanum bromide oxide (don allon kore), da terbium kunna yttrium sulfide oxide. Idan aka kwatanta da calcium tungstate, ƙananan foda mai ƙyalli na duniya zai iya rage lokacin da za a yi amfani da hasken X-ray ga marasa lafiya da kashi 80 cikin 100, inganta ƙudurin fina-finai na X-ray, tsawaita rayuwar tubes na X-ray, da kuma rage yawan makamashi. Hakanan ana amfani da Terbium azaman mai kunna foda mai kyalli don kayan haɓaka X-ray na likitanci, wanda zai iya haɓaka haɓakar juzu'in jujjuyawar X-ray zuwa hotuna na gani, haɓaka bayyanannun fina-finan X-ray, kuma yana rage girman ɗaukar hoto na X- haskoki zuwa jikin mutum (ta fiye da 50%).
TerbiumHakanan ana amfani dashi azaman mai kunnawa a cikin farin phosphor LED mai farin ciki da hasken shuɗi don sabon hasken semiconductor. Ana iya amfani da shi don samar da terbium aluminum magneto na gani crystal phosphor, ta yin amfani da blue haske emitting diodes a matsayin excitation haske kafofin, da kuma samar da haske da aka haɗe da tashin hankali haske don samar da tsantsa farin haske.
The electroluminescent kayan sanya daga terbium yafi hada da zinc sulfide kore mai kyalli foda tare daterbiuma matsayin activator. A ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet, rukunin kwayoyin halitta na terbium na iya fitar da haske mai ƙarfi koren haske kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan fim na bakin ciki. Ko da yake an samu gagarumin ci gaba a bincikenkasa kasaOrganic hadaddun electroluminescent bakin ciki fina-finai, har yanzu akwai wani rata daga practicality, da kuma bincike a kan rare ƙasa Organic hadaddun electroluminescent bakin ciki fina-finai da na'urorin har yanzu a cikin zurfin.
Hakanan ana amfani da halayen kyalli na terbium azaman bincike mai haske. An yi nazarin hulɗar tsakanin hadaddun ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) da deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ta hanyar amfani da hasken haske da spectra na sha, irin su binciken fluorescence na ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa binciken ofloxacin Tb3+ zai iya samar da tsagi mai ɗaure tare da kwayoyin DNA, kuma deoxyribonucleic acid na iya haɓaka haske na tsarin ofloxacin Tb3+. Dangane da wannan canji, ana iya ƙaddara deoxyribonucleic acid.
Don kayan gani na magneto
Abubuwan da ke da tasirin Faraday, wanda kuma aka sani da kayan magneto-optical, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin lasers da sauran na'urorin gani. Akwai nau'ikan kayan gani na magneto guda biyu: magneto na gani lu'ulu'u da gilashin gani na magneto. Daga cikin su, magneto-optical lu'ulu'u (irin su yttrium iron garnet da terbium gallium garnet) suna da fa'idodin mitar aiki mai daidaitawa da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, amma suna da tsada kuma suna da wahala a kera su. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lu'ulu'u na magneto-optical tare da manyan kusurwoyin juyawa na Faraday suna da babban sha a cikin gajeren zangon raƙuman ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da su. Idan aka kwatanta da magneto na gani lu'ulu'u, magneto na gani gilashin yana da fa'idar babban watsawa kuma yana da sauƙi a sanya shi cikin manyan tubalan ko zaruruwa. A halin yanzu, gilashin magneto-optical tare da babban tasirin Faraday galibi galibin gilasan ion doped na ƙasa.
Ana amfani dashi don kayan ajiya na gani na magneto
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da saurin haɓaka multimedia da sarrafa kansa na ofis, buƙatun sabbin fayafai masu ƙarfi na maganadisu suna ƙaruwa. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami bakin bakin ciki fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto Tantancewar fayafai. Daga cikin su, fim din TbFeCo alloy bakin ciki yana da mafi kyawun aiki. Terbium tushen magneto-Optic kayan an samar a kan wani babban sikelin, kuma magneto-Optical fayafai da aka yi daga gare su ana amfani da matsayin kwamfuta ajiya na kwamfuta, tare da ajiya iya girma da 10-15 sau. Suna da fa'idodi na babban iya aiki da saurin isa ga sauri, kuma ana iya gogewa da shafe dubunnan lokuta lokacin amfani da fayafai masu yawa. Su ne muhimman abubuwa a cikin fasahar adana bayanai ta lantarki. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na magneto-optical a cikin ganuwa da kuma kusa-infrared makada shine Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal guda ɗaya, wanda shine mafi kyawun kayan magneto-optical don yin masu juyawa na Faraday da masu keɓewa.
Don gilashin gani na magneto
Faraday magneto na gani gilashin yana da kyau nuna gaskiya da kuma isotropy a bayyane da infrared yankuna, kuma zai iya samar da daban-daban hadaddun siffofi. Yana da sauƙi don samar da samfurori masu girma kuma ana iya jawo su cikin filaye na gani. Saboda haka, yana da fa'idar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen a cikin na'urorin gani na magneto kamar magneto na gani masu isolators, magneto Optical modulators, da firikwensin fiber optic na yanzu. Saboda babban lokacin maganadisu da ƙananan ƙarancin sha a cikin bayyane da kewayon infrared, Tb3+ ions sun zama mafi yawan amfani da ions na duniya a cikin gilashin gani na magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive gami
A ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da ci gaba da zurfafa juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya, sabbin kayan aikin ƙasa da ba kasafai suke fitowa cikin hanzari ba. A cikin 1984, Jami'ar Jihar Iowa, dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ames na Sashen Makamashi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Binciken Makamai na Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka (wanda manyan ma'aikatan kamfanin Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) suka fito daga baya) sun haɗu don haɓaka wani sabon da ba a taɓa gani ba. duniya na hankali abu, wato terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive abu. Wannan sabon abu mai hankali yana da kyawawan halaye na sauya makamashin lantarki da sauri zuwa makamashin injina. An yi nasarar daidaita na'urorin sarrafa ruwa na karkashin ruwa da na'urorin lantarki da aka yi da wannan katafaren kayan magnetostrictive a cikin kayan aikin sojan ruwa, na'urorin gano rijiyoyin mai, tsarin sarrafa hayaniya da girgizar kasa, da binciken teku da tsarin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Saboda haka, da zaran an haifi terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive abu, ya sami tartsatsi da hankali daga kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu a duniya. Edge Technologies a Amurka ya fara samar da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan a 1989 da kuma sanya musu suna Terfenol D. Daga baya, Sweden, Japan, Rasha, da United Kingdom, da Ostiraliya kuma sun ɓullo da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan.
Daga tarihin ci gaban wannan abu a cikin Amurka, duka ƙirƙira na kayan da farkon aikace-aikacensa na monopolistic suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da masana'antar soja (kamar sojojin ruwa). Ko da yake sassan soja da na tsaro na kasar Sin sannu a hankali suna kara fahimtar wannan abu. Duk da haka, tare da babban ci gaban da kasar Sin take da shi na samun karfin kasa, ko shakka babu bukatar cimma dabarun soja na karni na 21, da inganta matakan kayan aiki za su kasance cikin gaggawa. Saboda haka, yawan amfani da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan da sojoji da na kasa tsaro sassan zai zama wani tarihi larura.
A takaice, da yawa m Properties naterbiumsanya shi ya zama memba na kayan aiki da yawa da ba makawa a cikin wasu filayen aikace-aikacen. Koyaya, saboda tsadar terbium, mutane sun yi nazarin yadda ake gujewa da rage yawan amfani da terbium don rage farashin samar da kayayyaki. Misali, abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya magneto-optical ya kamata su yi amfani da farashi mai rahusadysprosium irincobalt ko gadolinium terbium cobalt kamar yadda zai yiwu; Yi ƙoƙarin rage abun ciki na terbium a cikin koren foda mai kyalli wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi. Farashin ya zama wani muhimmin al'amari mai hana yaduwar amfani da shiterbium. Amma yawancin kayan aiki ba za su iya yin ba tare da shi ba, don haka dole ne mu bi ka'idar "amfani da ƙarfe mai kyau a kan ruwa" kuma muyi ƙoƙarin ajiye amfanin gona.terbiumgwargwadon yiwuwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-25-2023