Terbiumyana cikin nau'in nauyikasa rare, tare da ƙarancin yawa a cikin ɓawon duniya a kawai 1.1 ppm. Terbium oxide yana lissafin ƙasa da 0.01% na jimlar ƙasan da ba kasafai ba. Ko da a cikin babban yttrium ion nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na terbium, abun ciki na terbium shine kawai 1.1-1.2% na dukan duniya da ba kasafai ba, wanda ke nuna cewa yana cikin nau'in "mai daraja" na abubuwan da ba a sani ba. Sama da shekaru 100 tun lokacin da aka gano terbium a 1843, ƙarancinsa da ƙimarsa sun hana amfani da shi na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ne terbium ya nuna gwaninta na musamman.
Gano Tarihi
Masanin sunadarai dan kasar Sweden Carl Gustaf Mosander ya gano terbium a shekara ta 1843. Ya sami najasa a cikinYttrium (III) oxidekumaY2O3. Sunan Yttrium bayan ƙauyen Ytterby a Sweden. Kafin fitowar fasahar musayar ion, terbium ba a keɓe shi a cikin tsaftataccen tsari ba.
Mosant ya fara raba Yttrium (III) oxide zuwa sassa uku, duk suna da sunan ma'adinai: Yttrium (III) oxide,Erbium (III) oxide, da kuma terbium oxide. Terbium oxide asalinsa ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ruwan hoda, saboda sinadarin da ake kira erbium a yanzu. "Erbium (III) oxide" (ciki har da abin da muke kira yanzu terbium) shine ainihin ɓangaren mara launi a cikin maganin. Ana ɗaukar oxide mara narkewa na wannan kashi launin ruwan kasa.
Daga baya ma'aikata da kyar suka iya kallon 'yar kankanuwar "Erbium(III) oxide" mara launi, amma ba za a iya yin watsi da ɓangaren ruwan hoda mai narkewa ba. Muhawara game da wanzuwar Erbium (III) oxide sun taso akai-akai. A cikin hargitsin, asalin sunan ya koma kuma musayar suna ya makale, don haka a ƙarshe an ambaci ɓangaren ruwan hoda a matsayin mafita mai ɗauke da erbium (a cikin maganin, ruwan hoda ne). Yanzu an yarda cewa ma'aikatan da ke amfani da sodium bisulfate ko Potassium sulfate suna ɗaukaCerium (IV) oxidedaga Yttrium (III) oxide kuma ba da gangan ba ya juya terbium zuwa laka mai dauke da cerium. Kusan 1% na ainihin Yttrium (III) oxide, wanda yanzu ake kira "terbium", ya isa ya wuce launin rawaya zuwa Yttrium (III) oxide. Sabili da haka, terbium wani abu ne na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi shi da farko, kuma ana sarrafa shi ta kusa da makwabta, gadolinium da dysprosium.
Bayan haka, a duk lokacin da aka raba wasu abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya daga wannan cakuda, ba tare da la'akari da girman oxide ba, sunan terbium yana ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa ƙarshe, ana samun oxide mai launin ruwan kasa na terbium a cikin tsaftataccen tsari. Masu bincike a cikin karni na 19 ba su yi amfani da fasaha na ultraviolet fluorescence fasaha don lura da launin rawaya ko kore nodules (III), wanda ya sa ya fi sauƙi don gane terbium a cikin gauraye ko mafita.
Tsarin lantarki
Tsarin lantarki:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Tsarin Electron na terbium shine [Xe] 6s24f9. A yadda aka saba, ana iya cire electrons guda uku ne kafin cajin nukiliya ya yi girma da yawa don a kara yin ion, amma idan aka yi la’akari da terbium, Semi cikar terbium yana ba wa electron na hudu damar kara yin ion a gaban wasu abubuwan da ke da karfi sosai kamar iskar fluorine.
Terbium wani farin azurfa ne mai ƙarancin ƙarfe na ƙasa wanda ke da ductility, tauri, da laushi wanda za'a iya yanke shi da wuka. Narke batu 1360 ℃, tafasar batu 3123 ℃, yawa 8229 4kg/m3. Idan aka kwatanta da farkon Lanthanide, yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a cikin iska. A matsayin kashi na tara na Lanthanide, terbium ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Yana amsawa da ruwa don samar da hydrogen.
A cikin yanayi, ba a taɓa samun terbium a matsayin sinadari na kyauta ba, ƙaramin adadin wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin yashi phosphocerium thorium da Gadolinite. Terbium yana kasancewa tare da sauran abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya a cikin yashi monazite, tare da gabaɗaya 0.03% abun ciki na terbium. Sauran hanyoyin su ne Xenotime da baƙin ƙarfe da ba kasafai na zinariya ba, dukansu gauraye ne na oxides kuma sun ƙunshi har zuwa 1% terbium.
Aikace-aikace
Aiwatar da terbium galibi ya haɗa da manyan fasahohin fasaha, waɗanda ke da haɓakar fasahar fasaha da manyan ayyuka na ilimi, gami da ayyukan da ke da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi masu mahimmanci, tare da kyakkyawan ci gaba.
Manyan wuraren aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da:
(1) An yi amfani da shi ta hanyar gauraye da ba kasafai ba. Misali, ana amfani da shi azaman takin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba da kuma ciyar da abinci don noma.
(2) Mai kunnawa don koren foda a cikin foda na farko na farko. Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. Kuma terbium wani abu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingantattun foda na kore mai kyalli.
(3) Anyi amfani dashi azaman kayan ajiya na gani na gani na magneto. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami bakin bakin ciki fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto-Optical fayafai.
(4) Manufacturing magneto Tantancewar gilashin. Gilashin jujjuyawar Faraday mai ɗauke da terbium shine mabuɗin abu don kera masu jujjuyawa, masu keɓancewa, da masu zazzagewa a fasahar Laser.
(5) Haɓakawa da haɓakar terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ya buɗe sabbin aikace-aikace don terbium.
Domin noma da kiwo
Rare earth terbium iya inganta ingancin amfanin gona da kuma kara yawan photosynthesis a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon maida hankali. Rukunin terbium suna da babban aikin nazarin halittu. Ternary complexes na terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, suna da sakamako mai kyau na antibacterial da bactericidal akan Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis da Escherichia coli. Suna da faffadan bakan ƙwayoyin cuta. Nazarin irin waɗannan ɗakunan yana ba da sabon jagorar bincike don magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na zamani.
An yi amfani da shi a fagen luminescence
Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. Kuma terbium wani abu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingantattun foda na kore mai kyalli. Idan haihuwar ƙarancin duniya launi TV ja mai kyalli foda ya tada bukatar yttrium da europium, to aikace-aikacen da haɓaka terbium an haɓaka ta ƙasa mai ƙarancin launi uku na launin kore mai kyalli don fitilu. A farkon 1980s, Philips ya ƙirƙira ƙaramin fitilar fitila mai ceton makamashi ta farko a duniya kuma cikin sauri ya haɓaka ta a duniya. Tb3+ions na iya fitar da haske kore tare da tsawon tsayin 545nm, kuma kusan dukkan nau'ikan phosphors na duniya da ba kasafai suke amfani da shi ba suna amfani da terbium azaman mai kunnawa.
Koren phosphor don launi na TV cathode ray tube (CRT) koyaushe yana dogara ne akan Zinc sulfide, wanda yake da arha da inganci, amma ana amfani da foda na terbium koyaushe azaman kore phosphor don tsinkayar launi TV, gami da Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+ dan LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Tare da haɓaka babban allon babban ma'anar telebijin (HDTV), ana kuma haɓaka babban aikin kore mai kyalli don CRTs. Misali, an samar da foda mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya ƙunshi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, da Y2SiO5: Tb3+, waɗanda ke da ingantaccen ingantaccen haske a babban yawa na yanzu.
X-ray fluorescent foda na gargajiya shine calcium tungstate. A cikin 1970s da 1980s, ƙananan phosphor na duniya don haɓaka fuska an haɓaka su, irin su terbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (don allon kore), terbium kunna sulfur Yttrium (III) oxide tare da calcium Comparstate, da dai sauransu. m ƙasa mai kyalli foda zai iya rage lokacin Hasken hasken X-ray ga marasa lafiya da kashi 80%, yana haɓaka ƙudurin fina-finai na X-ray, ƙara tsawon rayuwar bututun X-ray, da rage yawan kuzari. Hakanan ana amfani da Terbium azaman mai kunna foda mai kyalli don kayan haɓaka X-ray na likitanci, wanda zai iya haɓaka haɓakar juzu'in jujjuyawar X-ray zuwa hotuna na gani, haɓaka bayyanannun fina-finan X-ray, kuma yana rage girman ɗaukar hoto na X- haskoki zuwa jikin mutum (ta fiye da 50%).
Hakanan ana amfani da Terbium azaman mai kunnawa a cikin farin phosphor LED mai farin ciki da hasken shuɗi don sabon hasken semiconductor. Ana iya amfani dashi don samar da terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphor, ta yin amfani da diodes mai haske mai haske mai launin shuɗi a matsayin tushen haske mai ban sha'awa, kuma hasken da aka haifar yana haɗe da haske mai ban sha'awa don samar da haske mai tsabta.
Kayan lantarki da aka yi da terbium galibi sun haɗa da Zinc sulfide kore phosphor tare da terbium azaman mai kunnawa. A ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet, rukunin kwayoyin halitta na terbium na iya fitar da haske mai ƙarfi koren haske kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan fim na bakin ciki. Ko da yake an sami gagarumin ci gaba a cikin nazarin fina-finan da ba kasafai ake samun hadaddun kwayoyin halitta na lantarki ba, har yanzu akwai tazarar tazara daga aiki, kuma bincike kan filaye da na'urorin da ba kasafai ake samun su ba.
Hakanan ana amfani da halayen kyalli na terbium azaman bincike mai haske. Misali, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) binciken fluorescence an yi amfani da shi don nazarin hulɗar tsakanin Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) hadaddun da DNA (DNA) ta hanyar bakan fluorescence da sha bakan, yana nuna cewa Ofloxacin Tb3+ bincike na iya samar da tsagi tare da kwayoyin DNA. kuma DNA na iya haɓaka haske na Ofloxacin sosai Tb3+ tsarin. Dangane da wannan canji, ana iya ƙayyade DNA.
Don kayan gani na magneto
Abubuwan da ke da tasirin Faraday, wanda kuma aka sani da kayan magneto-optical, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin lasers da sauran na'urorin gani. Akwai nau'ikan kayan gani na magneto guda biyu: magneto na gani lu'ulu'u da gilashin gani na magneto. Daga cikin su, magneto-optical lu'ulu'u (kamar Yttrium iron garnet da terbium gallium garnet) suna da fa'idodin mitar aiki mai daidaitawa da kuma kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, amma suna da tsada da wahala a kera su. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lu'ulu'u na magneto-optical tare da babban kusurwar juyawa na Faraday suna da babban sha a cikin gajeren zangon igiyar ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da su. Idan aka kwatanta da magneto na gani lu'ulu'u, magneto na gani gilashin yana da fa'idar babban watsawa kuma yana da sauƙi a sanya shi cikin manyan tubalan ko zaruruwa. A halin yanzu, gilashin magneto-optical tare da babban tasirin Faraday galibi galibin gilasan ion doped na ƙasa.
Ana amfani dashi don kayan ajiya na gani na magneto
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da saurin haɓaka multimedia da sarrafa kansa na ofis, buƙatun sabbin fayafai masu ƙarfi na maganadisu suna ƙaruwa. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto-Optical fayafai. Daga cikin su, fim din TbFeCo alloy bakin ciki yana da mafi kyawun aiki. Terbium tushen magneto-Optic kayan an samar a kan wani babban sikelin, kuma magneto-Optical fayafai da aka yi daga gare su ana amfani da matsayin kwamfuta ajiya na kwamfuta, tare da ajiya iya girma da 10-15 sau. Suna da fa'idodi na babban iya aiki da saurin isa ga sauri, kuma ana iya gogewa da shafe dubunnan lokuta lokacin amfani da fayafai masu yawa. Su ne muhimman abubuwa a cikin fasahar adana bayanai ta lantarki. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na magneto-optical a cikin ganuwa da kuma kusa-infrared makada shine Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal guda ɗaya, wanda shine mafi kyawun kayan magneto-optical don yin masu juyawa na Faraday da masu keɓewa.
Don gilashin gani na magneto
Faraday magneto na gani gilashin yana da kyau nuna gaskiya da kuma isotropy a bayyane da infrared yankuna, kuma zai iya samar da daban-daban hadaddun siffofi. Yana da sauƙi don samar da samfurori masu girma kuma ana iya jawo su cikin filaye na gani. Saboda haka, yana da fa'idar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen a cikin na'urorin gani na magneto kamar magneto na gani masu isolators, magneto Optical modulators, da firikwensin fiber optic na yanzu. Saboda babban lokacin maganadisu da ƙananan ƙarancin sha a cikin bayyane da kewayon infrared, Tb3+ ions sun zama mafi yawan amfani da ions na duniya a cikin gilashin gani na magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive gami
A ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da zurfafa juyin juya halin kimiyya da fasaha na duniya, sabbin kayan da aka yi amfani da su a duniya ba su da yawa suna fitowa cikin sauri. A cikin 1984, Jami'ar Jihar Iowa ta Amurka, Ames Laboratory na Sashen Makamashi na Amurka na Amurka da Cibiyar Binciken Makamai Na Ruwa na Amurka (babban ma'aikatan Kamfanin Fasaha na Amurka Edge daga baya (ET REMA) sun fito. cibiyar) tare sun haɓaka wani sabon abu mai ƙarfi na duniya, wato terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive abu. Wannan sabon abu na Smart yana da kyawawan halaye na saurin sauya makamashin lantarki zuwa makamashin injina. An yi nasarar daidaita na'urorin sarrafa ruwa na karkashin ruwa da na'urorin lantarki da aka yi da wannan katafaren kayan magnetostrictive a cikin kayan aikin sojan ruwa, na'urorin gano rijiyoyin mai, tsarin sarrafa hayaniya da girgizar kasa, da binciken teku da tsarin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Saboda haka, da zaran an haifi terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive abu, ya sami tartsatsi da hankali daga kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu a duniya. Edge Technologies a Amurka ya fara samar da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan a 1989 da kuma sanya musu suna Terfenol D. Daga baya, Sweden, Japan, Rasha, da United Kingdom, da Ostiraliya kuma sun ɓullo da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan.
Daga tarihin ci gaban wannan abu a cikin Amurka, duka ƙirƙira na kayan da farkon aikace-aikacensa na monopolistic suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da masana'antar soja (kamar sojojin ruwa). Ko da yake sassan soja da na tsaro na kasar Sin sannu a hankali suna kara fahimtar wannan abu. Duk da haka, bayan da cikakken ikon kasar Sin ya karu sosai, kana bukatar tabbatar da dabarun gasa na soja a karni na 21, da kuma kyautata matakin na'urorin za su kasance cikin gaggawa. Saboda haka, yawan amfani da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan da sojoji da na kasa tsaro sassan zai zama wani tarihi larura.
A takaice, yawancin kyawawan kaddarorin terbium sun sa ya zama memba mai mahimmanci na kayan aiki da yawa da matsayi maras ma'auni a wasu filayen aikace-aikacen. Koyaya, saboda tsadar terbium, mutane sun yi nazarin yadda ake gujewa da rage yawan amfani da terbium don rage farashin samar da kayayyaki. Misali, kayan magneto-optical na duniya da ba kasafai ya kamata su yi amfani da cobalt na baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin farashi ko gadolinium terbium cobalt gwargwadon yiwuwa; Yi ƙoƙarin rage abun ciki na terbium a cikin koren foda mai kyalli wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi. Farashin ya zama wani muhimmin abu da ke hana yaduwar amfani da terbium. Amma yawancin kayan aiki ba za su iya yin ba tare da shi ba, don haka dole ne mu bi ka'idar "amfani da ƙarfe mai kyau a kan ruwa" kuma muyi ƙoƙarin ajiye amfani da terbium kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-05-2023