Praseodymiumshine kashi na uku mafi yawa na lanthanide a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadarai, tare da yalwar 9.5 ppm a cikin ɓawon burodi, ƙasa da ƙasa.cerium, yttrium,lantanum, kumascandium. Shi ne kashi na biyar mafi yawan yawa a cikin kasa da ba kasafai ba. Amma kamar sunansa.praseodymiummemba ne mai sauƙi kuma mara ado na dangin duniya da ba kasafai ba.
CF Auer Von Welsbach ya gano praseodymium a cikin 1885.
A cikin 1751, masanin ma'adinai na Sweden Axel Fredrik Cronstedt ya sami ma'adinai mai nauyi a yankin ma'adinai na Bastn s, wanda daga baya aka sanya masa suna cerite. Bayan shekaru 30, Vilhelm Hisinger ɗan shekara goma sha biyar daga dangin da suka mallaki ma'adinan ya aika samfuransa zuwa Carl Scheele, amma bai gano wani sabon abu ba. A cikin 1803, bayan Singer ya zama maƙera, ya koma wurin hakar ma'adinai tare da J ö ns Jacob Berzelius kuma ya ware wani sabon oxide, dwarf planet Ceres, wanda suka gano shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Martin Heinrich Klaproth a Jamus ya raba Ceria da kansa.
Tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1843, likitan likitan Sweden kuma masanin sunadarai Carl Gustaf Mosander ya gano cewa.cerium oxideya kasance cakuda oxides. Ya raba wasu oxides guda biyu, waɗanda ya kira lanthana da didymia “didymia” (ma’ana “tagwaye” a Hellenanci). Ya ɓad da ɓarnacerium nitratesamfurin ta hanyar gasa shi a cikin iska, sannan a bi da shi tare da dilute nitric acid don samun oxide. Don haka ana kiran karafa da ke samar da wadannan oxideslantanumkumapraseodymium.
A cikin 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya wanda ya ƙirƙira murfin gauze na thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze, ya sami nasarar raba "praseodymium neodymium", "tagwaye masu haɗaka", wanda aka raba gishiri praseodymium kore da gishiri neodymium mai launin fure kuma an ƙaddara su zama. sabbin abubuwa guda biyu. Ana kiran ɗayan "Praseodymium", wanda ya fito daga kalmar Helenanci prason, ma'ana koren fili saboda maganin ruwan gishiri na praseodymium zai gabatar da launi mai haske; Sunan dayan bangaren “Neodymium“. Nasarar rabuwa da "tagwayen da aka haɗa" ya ba su damar nuna basirarsu da kansu.
Silver farin karfe, taushi da ductile. Praseodymium yana da tsarin crystal hexagonal a zafin ɗaki. Rashin juriya a cikin iska ya fi na lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, da europium ƙarfi, amma idan aka fallasa shi, ana samar da wani nau'in baƙin ƙarfe mai rauni, kuma samfurin praseodymium mai girman centimita ɗaya ya lalace gaba ɗaya cikin kusan shekara guda.
Kamar yawancinabubuwan da ba kasafai ba, praseodymium yana da yuwuwar samar da yanayin oxidation na +3, wanda shine kawai yanayin kwanciyar hankali a cikin hanyoyin ruwa. Praseodymium yana wanzuwa a cikin yanayin oxidation na +4 a cikin wasu sanannun mahadi masu ƙarfi, kuma ƙarƙashin yanayin rabuwar matrix, yana iya kaiwa wani yanayi na musamman + 5 oxidation tsakanin abubuwan lanthanide.
Mai ruwa praseodymium ion shine chartreuse, kuma yawancin amfanin masana'antu na praseodymium sun haɗa da ikon tace hasken rawaya a cikin haske.
Tsarin lantarki na Praseodymium
Fitar da lantarki:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
An shirya 59 electrons na praseodymium azaman [Xe] 4f36s2. A bisa ka'ida, ana iya amfani da dukkan electrons na waje guda biyar azaman valence electron, amma amfani da dukkan electrons na waje guda biyar yana buƙatar matsanancin yanayi. Gabaɗaya, praseodymium yana fitar da electrons uku ko huɗu kawai a cikin mahaɗansa. Praseodymium shine kashi na farko na lanthanide tare da tsarin lantarki wanda ya dace da ƙa'idar Aufbau. Its 4f orbital yana da ƙananan matakan makamashi fiye da 5d orbital, wanda bai dace da lanthanum da cerium ba, saboda kwatsam na 4f orbital ba ya faruwa har sai bayan lanthanum kuma bai isa ba don kauce wa mamaye 5d harsashi a cerium. Duk da haka, m praseodymium yana nuna tsarin [Xe] 4f25d16s2, inda electron ɗaya a cikin harsashi 5d yayi kama da duk sauran abubuwan lanthanide trivalent (ban da europium da ytterbium, waɗanda suke da yawa a cikin jahohin ƙarfe).
Kamar yawancin abubuwan lanthanide, praseodymium yakan yi amfani da electrons guda uku kawai azaman valence electron, kuma sauran 4f electrons suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi: wannan saboda 4f orbit yana wucewa ta cikin inert xenon core na electron don isa tsakiya, biye da 5d da 6s. , kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar cajin ionic. Duk da haka, praseodymium na iya ci gaba da rasa na huɗu kuma har ma a wasu lokuta na lantarki na valence na biyar, saboda yana bayyana da wuri a cikin tsarin lanthanide, inda cajin nukiliya har yanzu yana da ƙananan isa, kuma 4f subshell makamashi yana da girma don ba da damar cirewa. karin valence electron.
Praseodymium da duk abubuwan lanthanide (sai dailantanum, ytterbiumkumaLutium, babu unpaired 4f electrons) su paramagnetism a dakin zafin jiki. Ba kamar sauran ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa waɗanda ke nuna odar antiferromagnetic ko ferromagnetic a ƙananan yanayin zafi ba, praseodymium shine paramagnetism a duk yanayin zafi sama da 1K.
Aikace-aikacen Praseodymium
Ana amfani da Praseodymium galibi a cikin nau'ikan duniyoyi da ba kasafai ba, kamar wakili mai tsarkakewa da gyara kayan ƙarfe, abubuwan da ke haifar da sinadarai, ƙasan noma da ba kasafai ba, da sauransu.Praseodymium neodymiumshine mafi kamanceceniya kuma yana da wahala a raba abubuwa biyu na duniya da ba kasafai ba, wanda ke da wahalar rabuwa ta hanyoyin sinadarai. Samar da masana'antu yawanci yana amfani da hanyoyin hakowa da hanyoyin musayar ion. Idan an yi amfani da su a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin nau'i na praseodymium neodymium mai wadata, ana iya amfani da su gaba ɗaya, kuma farashin yana da arha fiye da samfuran kashi ɗaya.
Praseodymium neodymium alloy(praseodymium neodymium karfe)ya zama samfur mai zaman kansa, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman duka kayan maganadisu na dindindin da ƙari na gyare-gyare don kayan haɗin ƙarfe mara ƙarfe. Za a iya inganta ayyukan, zaɓi da kwanciyar hankali na mai kara kuzari ta ƙara praseodymium neodymium maida hankali a cikin Y zeolite kwayoyin sieve. A matsayin ƙari na gyare-gyare na filastik, ƙara haɓakar praseodymium neodymium zuwa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) na iya inganta haɓaka juriya na PTFE.
Rare ƙasaAbubuwan maganadisu na dindindin sune mafi mashahuri filin aikace-aikacen ƙasa da ba kasafai a yau ba. Praseodymium kadai ba ya yi fice a matsayin abu na maganadisu na dindindin, amma yana da kyakkyawan yanayin daidaitawa wanda zai iya inganta kaddarorin maganadisu. Ƙara adadin da ya dace na praseodymium zai iya inganta ingantaccen aikin kayan maganadisu na dindindin. Hakanan yana iya haɓaka aikin antioxidant (juriya na lalata iska) da kaddarorin injina na maganadisu, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin na'urorin lantarki da injina daban-daban.
Ana iya amfani da Praseodymium don niƙa da kayan goge baki. Kamar yadda muka sani, tsantsa cerium tushen polishing foda yawanci haske rawaya, wanda yake shi ne high quality-polishing abu don Tantancewar gilashin, kuma ya maye gurbin baƙin ƙarfe oxide ja foda cewa yana da low polishing yadda ya dace da kuma gurɓata samar yanayi. Mutane sun gano cewa praseodymium yana da kyawawan kaddarorin gogewa. Rare earth polishing foda mai dauke da praseodymium zai bayyana launin ruwan kasa ja, wanda kuma aka sani da "red foda", amma wannan launin ja ba ja ba ne na ƙarfe oxide, amma saboda kasancewar praseodymium oxide, launin launin foda mai laushi na ƙasa ya zama duhu. An kuma yi amfani da Praseodymium azaman sabon kayan niƙa don yin ƙafafun niƙa na corundum mai ɗauke da praseodymium. Idan aka kwatanta da farin alumina, iya aiki da karko za a iya inganta da fiye da 30% lokacin da nika carbon tsarin karfe, bakin karfe, da kuma high-zazzabi gami. Domin rage farashi, ana amfani da kayan da aka wadatar praseodymium neodymium azaman albarkatun ƙasa a da, don haka sunan praseodymium neodymium corundum niƙa dabaran.
An yi amfani da lu'ulu'u na silicate da aka yi tare da praseodymium ions don rage saurin bugun jini zuwa mita ɗari da yawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda.
Ƙara praseodymium oxide zuwa zirconium silicate zai zama rawaya mai haske kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman pigment na yumbu - praseodymium yellow. Praseodymium yellow (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) ana ɗaukar mafi kyawun launin yumbu mai launin rawaya, wanda ya tsaya tsayin daka har zuwa 1000 ℃ kuma ana iya amfani dashi na lokaci ɗaya ko sake konewa.
Hakanan ana amfani da Praseodymium azaman mai launin gilashi, tare da launuka masu kyau da babban kasuwa mai yuwuwa. Za a iya samar da samfuran gilashin koren Praseodymium tare da launin leek mai haske da scallion koren launuka, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don samar da matattarar kore da kuma gilashin fasaha da fasaha. Ƙara praseodymium oxide da cerium oxide zuwa gilashin ana iya amfani da su azaman tabarau don waldawa. Praseodymium sulfide kuma za a iya amfani da shi azaman koren filastik mai launi.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-29-2023