Abu na 56: Barium

1. Gabatarwar GindiBarium,
Ƙarfe na ƙasa na alkaline, tare da alamar sinadarai Ba, yana cikin Rukunin IIA na lokaci na shida na tebur na lokaci-lokaci. Yana da taushi, azurfa fari luster alkaline duniya karfe kuma mafi aiki kashi a alkaline duniya karafa. Sunan kashi ya fito daga kalmar Helenanci beta alpha ρύς (barys), wanda ke nufin "nauyi".

2. Gano Takaitaccen Tarihi
Sulfides na alkaline earth karafa suna nuna phosphorescence, ma'ana suna ci gaba da fitar da haske na wani lokaci a cikin duhu bayan an fallasa su ga haske. Abubuwan da ake kira Barium sun fara jan hankalin mutane daidai saboda wannan siffa. A shekara ta 1602, wani maƙerin takalmi mai suna Casio Lauro a birnin Bologna na ƙasar Italiya, ya gasa barite ɗin da ke ɗauke da barium sulfate tare da abubuwa masu ƙonewa kuma ya gano cewa yana iya fitar da haske a cikin duhu, wanda hakan ya tada hankalin masana a lokacin. Daga baya, ana kiran wannan nau'in dutsen polonite kuma ya tada sha'awar masana kimiyyar Turai a cikin binciken bincike. A cikin 1774, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Sweden CW Scheele ya gano cewa barium oxide sabuwar ƙasa ce mai nauyi, wadda ya kira "Baryta" (ƙasa mai nauyi). A cikin 1774, Scheler ya yi imanin cewa wannan dutse shine haɗuwa da sabon ƙasa (oxide) da sulfuric acid. A cikin 1776, ya dumama nitrate a cikin wannan sabuwar ƙasa don samun ƙasa mai tsabta (oxide). A cikin 1808, masanin ilmin sunadarai na Burtaniya H. Davy ya yi amfani da mercury a matsayin cathode da platinum a matsayin anode zuwa electrolyze barite (BaSO4) don samar da barium amalgam. Bayan distillation don cire mercury, an sami ƙaramin ƙarfe mai tsabta kuma aka sanya wa sunan kalmar Helenanci barys (nauyi). An saita alamar kashi azaman Ba, wanda ake kirabarium.

3. Kaddarorin jiki
Bariumfarin ƙarfe ne na azurfa tare da wurin narkewa na 725 ° C, wurin tafasa na 1846 ° C, yawa na 3.51g/cm3, da ductility. Babban ma'adanai na barium sune barite da arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumwani sinadari ne mai sinadarai.
Alamar sinadarai Ba, lambar atomic 56, tana cikin tsarin lokaci-lokaci na ƙungiyar IIA kuma memba ne na ƙarfe na ƙasa na alkaline. Barium yana da babban aiki na sinadarai kuma shine mafi aiki a tsakanin ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa. Daga yuwuwar da makamashi na ionization, ana iya ganin cewa barium yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. A gaskiya ma, idan kawai la'akari da asarar na'urar lantarki ta farko, barium yana da mafi ƙarfin sakewa a cikin ruwa. Koyaya, yana da ɗan wahala barium ya rasa na'urar lantarki ta biyu. Sabili da haka, la'akari da duk dalilai, sakewa na barium zai ragu sosai. Duk da haka, shi ma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan ƙarafa a cikin maganin acidic, na biyu kawai ga lithium, cesium, rubidium, da potassium.

5.Main mahadi
1). Barium oxide sannu a hankali yana oxidize a cikin iska don samar da barium oxide, wanda shine crystal cubic mara launi. Mai narkewa a cikin acid, wanda ba zai iya narkewa a cikin acetone da ruwan ammonia. Yana amsawa da ruwa don samar da barium hydroxide, wanda yake da guba. Lokacin da ya ƙone, yana fitar da koren wuta kuma yana haifar da barium peroxide.
2). Barium peroxide yana amsawa tare da sulfuric acid don samar da hydrogen peroxide. Wannan dauki ya dogara ne akan ka'idar shirya hydrogen peroxide a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
3). Barium hydroxide yana amsawa da ruwa don samar da barium hydroxide da iskar hydrogen. Saboda ƙarancin solubility na barium hydroxide da babban ƙarfin da yake da shi, abin da ya faru ba shi da tsanani kamar na alkali karafa, kuma sakamakon barium hydroxide zai ɓoye ra'ayi. Ana shigar da ɗan ƙaramin carbon dioxide a cikin maganin don samar da barium carbonate hazo, kuma an ƙara ƙaddamar da iskar carbon dioxide don narkar da barium carbonate hazo da samar da barium bicarbonate mai narkewa.
4). Amino barium na iya narke a cikin ruwa ammonia, yana samar da mafita mai shuɗi tare da paramagnetism da haɓakawa, wanda da gaske ke samar da ammonia electrons. Bayan dogon lokaci na ajiya, hydrogen da ke cikin ammonia za a rage shi zuwa hydrogen gas ta hanyar ammonia electrons, kuma jimlar amsa shine barium yana amsawa tare da ammonia mai ruwa don samar da amino barium da hydrogen gas.
5). Barium sulfite farin crystal ne ko foda, mai guba, mai ɗan narkewa a cikin ruwa, kuma sannu a hankali ya zama oxidized zuwa barium sulfate idan an sanya shi cikin iska. Narkar da acids masu ƙarfi waɗanda ba oxidizing ba kamar hydrochloric acid don samar da iskar sulfur dioxide tare da ƙamshi mai ƙamshi. Lokacin cin karo da oxidizing acid kamar dilute nitric acid, ana iya jujjuya shi zuwa barium sulfate.
6). Barium sulfate yana da tabbataccen sinadarai, kuma ɓangaren barium sulfate da aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa gabaɗaya ya zama ionized, yana mai da shi ƙarfin lantarki. Barium sulfate ba shi da narkewa a cikin nitric acid. An fi amfani dashi azaman wakili na bambanci na gastrointestinal.
Barium carbonate yana da guba kuma kusan ba zai iya narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi. Yana amsawa tare da sodium sulfate don samar da mafi ƙarancin farin hazo na barium sulfate - yanayin jujjuyawar da ke tsakanin hazo a cikin maganin ruwa: yana da sauƙin juyowa zuwa ga mafi insoluble shugabanci.

6. Filin Aikace-aikace
1. Ana amfani da shi don dalilai na masana'antu wajen samar da salts na barium, gami, wasan wuta, injin nukiliya, da sauransu. Hakanan yana da kyakkyawan deoxidizer don tace tagulla. Ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin gami, gami da gubar, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminum, da nickel gami. Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe na Barium azaman wakili mai cirewa don cire iskar iskar gas daga bututun injin ruwa da bututun ray na cathode, da kuma wakili na lalata don tace karafa. Barium nitrate gauraye da potassium chlorate, magnesium foda, da rosin za a iya amfani da su ƙera sigina flares da wasan wuta. Ana amfani da mahadi masu narkewar barium a matsayin maganin kashe kwari, kamar barium chloride, don sarrafa kwari iri-iri. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi don tace brine da tukunyar jirgi don samar da soda na electrolytic caustic. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don shirya pigments. Masana'antun yadi da fata suna amfani da shi azaman mordant da matting wakili don siliki na wucin gadi.
2. Barium sulfate don amfanin likita magani ne na taimako don gwajin X-ray. Farin foda mara wari da ɗanɗano, wani abu da zai iya samar da ingantacciyar bambanci a cikin jiki yayin gwajin X-ray. Barium sulfate na likita ba ya shiga cikin sashin gastrointestinal kuma baya haifar da rashin lafiyan halayen. Ba ya ƙunshi mahadi masu narkewa kamar barium chloride, barium sulfide, da barium carbonate. Anfi amfani dashi don hoton ciki, lokaci-lokaci ana amfani dashi don wasu dalilai na gwaji

7. Hanyar shiri
The masana'antu samar nakarfe bariuman kasu kashi biyu matakai: samar da barium oxide da karfe rage zafi (aluminum thermal rage). 1000-1200 ℃,karfe bariumza a iya samu ta hanyar rage barium oxide da karfe aluminum, sa'an nan kuma tsarkake ta da injin distillation. Hanyar rage zafi na aluminium don samar da barium na ƙarfe: Saboda ma'auni daban-daban na sinadarai, ana iya samun halayen biyu don rage aluminum na barium oxide. Ma'aunin amsawa shine: duka halayen biyu na iya samar da ƙaramin adadin barium a 1000-1200 ℃. Sabili da haka, dole ne a yi amfani da famfo don ci gaba da canja wurin tururin barium daga yankin amsawa zuwa yankin sanyin sanyi domin amsawar ta ci gaba da matsawa zuwa dama. Ragowar bayan abin yana da guba kuma yana buƙatar kulawa kafin zubar